Disorders - Substance Use Disorders
Haug, S., Paz-Castro, R., Wenger, A., Schaub, M. P.
BACKGROUND: Life skills are abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to
deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. Life-skills training programs conducted within the school curriculum are effective
in preventing the onset and escalation of substance use among adolescents. However, their dissemination is impeded due to their large resource
requirements. Life-skills training provided via mobile phones may provide a more economic and scalable approach. OBJECTIVE(S): The goal of this study
was to test the appropriateness (ie, acceptance, use, and evaluation) and short-term efficacy of a mobile phone-based life-skills training program to
prevent substance use among adolescents within a controlled trial. METHOD(S): The study design was a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomized
controlled trial with assessments at baseline and follow-up assessments after 6 and 18 months. This report includes outcomes measured up to the 6-
month follow-up. The efficacy of the intervention was tested in comparison to an assessment-only control group. The automated intervention program
SmartCoach included online feedback and individually tailored text messages provided over 22 weeks. The contents were based on social cognitive
theory and addressed self-management skills, social skills, and substance use resistance skills. Linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed
models, as well as logistic or linear regressions, were used to investigate changes between baseline and 6-month follow-up in the following outcomes:
30-day prevalence rates of problem drinking, tobacco use, and cannabis use as well as quantity of alcohol use, quantity of cigarettes smoked,
cannabis use days, perceived stress, well-being, and social skills. RESULT(S): A total of 1759 students from 89 Swiss secondary and upper secondary
school classes were invited to participate in the study. Of these, 1473 (83.7%) students participated in the study; the mean age was 15.4 years (SD
1.0) and 55.2% (813/1473) were female. Follow-up assessments at 6 months were completed by 1233 (83.7%) study participants. On average, program
participants responded to half (23.6 out of 50) of the prompted activities. Program evaluations underlined its appropriateness for the target group
of secondary school students, with the majority rating the program as helpful and individually tailored. The results concerning the initial
effectiveness of this program based on 6-month follow-up data are promising, with three of nine outcomes of the intention-to-treat analyses showing
beneficial developments of statistical significance (ie, quantity of alcohol use, quantity of tobacco use, and perceived stress; P<.05) and another
three outcomes (ie, problem drinking prevalence, cannabis use days, and social skills) showing beneficial developments of borderline significance
(P<.10). CONCLUSION(S): The results showed good acceptance of this intervention program that could be easily and economically implemented in school
classes. Initial results on program efficacy indicate that it might be effective in both preventing or reducing substance use and fostering life
skills; however, data from the final 18-month follow-up assessments will be more conclusive. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN41347061;
https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN41347061. Copyright ©Severin Haug, Raquel Paz Castro, Andreas Wenger, Michael Patrick Schaub. Originally published in
JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 13.07.2021.
JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9
(7) : e26951
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training, Personalised feedback, normative feedback, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Goldston, D. B.
Depression, suicidal behaviors and substance use problems frequently co-occur, and treatment for youth with these co-occurring problems
is often fragmented and challenging. An integrated cognitive-behavioral treatment approach that builds upon a relapse prevention framework and
applies common core skills, language, and approach for treating these related problems may be clinically beneficial. Following a description of the
integrated approach, we present results of a pilot trial (n = 13) to examine the acceptability and feasibility of the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-
Relapse Prevention (CBT-RP) intervention plus enhanced treatment as usual (TAU) compared to enhanced TAU alone. The feasibility of the CBT-RP + TAU
intervention was reflected by high rates of retention (86%). The acceptability was reflected in positive evaluations regarding the helpfulness of the
intervention by adolescents and families. The majority of youth in both CBT-RP + TAU and TAU alone groups evidenced reductions in depression and
suicide ideation from study entry to Week 20. Patterns of reduction were more consistent, however, for youth receiving CBT-RP + TAU, and reductions
were slower to emerge for some youth receiving TAU alone. Reductions in alcohol and marijuana problems were similar, but half of the youth in TAU
alone (and none in the CBT-RP + TAU group) had emergency department visits related to psychiatric crises or substance-related problems. These
findings, although based on a small sample, underscore the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention
approach for youth with depression, suicide attempt histories, and substance use problems. Copyright © 2021 Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology.
Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 6(2) : 155-
172
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Suicide or self-harm behaviours (excluding non-suicidal self-harm), Suicide or self-harm with comorbid mental disorder, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Frohlich, J. R., Rapinda, K. K., Schaub, M. P., Wenger, A., Baumgartner, C., Johnson, E. A., O'Connor, R. M., Vincent, N., Blankers, M., Ebert, D.
D., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Mackenzie, C. S., Wardell, J. D., Augsburger, M., Goldberg, J. O., Keough, M.
T.
Objective: Many young adults struggle with comorbid alcohol misuse and emotional problems (i.e., depression and anxiety). However,
there is currently a paucity of evidence-based, integrated, accessible treatment options for individuals with these comorbidities. The main goal of
this study was to examine efficacy of a novel online, minimally guided, integrated program for comorbid alcohol misuse and emotional problems in
young adults. Method(s): The study was an open-label two-arm RCT. Participants (N = 222, Mage = 24.6, 67.6% female) were randomized to one
of two conditions: the Take Care of Me program (an 8-week, online integrated treatment condition consisting of 12 modules), or an online
psychoeducational control condition. Intervention modules incorporated content based on principles of cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational
interviewing. Participants completed assessment data at baseline, at the end of treatment (i.e., 8 weeks), and at follow-up (i.e., 24 weeks). Data
were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Result(s): We observed that participants in the treatment condition showed larger reductions in
depression, hazardous drinking, as well as increases in psychological quality of life and confidence at the end of treatment. We did not find group
differences on total alcohol use at follow-up, but participants in the treatment group reduced their hazardous drinking and improved their quality of
life at 24-week follow-up. Conclusion(s): Our study provides promising initial evidence for the first iteration of the comorbid alcohol misuse and
emotional problems online program. Copyright © 2021
Addictive Behaviors
Reports, 14 (no pagination) :
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Fallah, E., Birjandi, M., Rashidi, K., Almasian, M.
Background: High-risk
behaviors of adolescents and failure to correct their insights and attitudes can have many negative consequences. Objective(s): The purpose of this
study was to determine the effect of life skills training on adolescents' tendency to engage in highrisk behaviors. Method(s): The present study was
a randomized controlled clinical trial, in which 100 high school students from both sexes were selected via the multistage cluster random sampling
method and divided into the intervention (n = 50) and control (n = 50) groups using the block randomization method with a block size of 4. Eight life
skills training group discussion sessions of 45 minutes weekly were held for the intervention groups for two months, and a one-hour follow-up session
was held 20 days after the end of the eight sessions. The study instruments included a demographic questionnaire and the Iranian adolescents' risk-
taking scale. After confirming the validity and reliability of the instruments and obtaining written informed consent of the participants, they were
asked to fill out the questionnaires. Using SPSS 18, the data were analyzed by standard deviations for quantitative variables and percentages for
qualitative data, as well as chi-squared test, the independent t-test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance, the results being reported at a
significance level of 0.05. Result(s): The results showed that life skills training led to significant decreases in the mean scores of high-risk
behaviors, including drug abuse, alcohol consumption, smoking, and violence, at different times in the intervention group in both sexes (P< 0.05),
while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion(s): The results showed that life skills training can reduce adolescents'
tendency to engage in high-risk behaviors. Copyright © 2021 Kowsar Medical Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 15(3) (no
pagination) :
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training
Elam, K. K., Mun, C. J., Kutzner, J., Ha, T.
A substance use offense reflects an
encounter with law enforcement and the court system in response to breaking the law which may increase risk for substance use problems later in life.
Individuals may also be at risk for substance use offending and substance use problems based on genetic predisposition. We examined a mediation model
in which polygenic risk for aggression predicted adult substance use disorder diagnoses (SUD) via substance use offending in emerging adulthood. In
addition, we explored for potential attenuation of genetic influences on these outcomes by a family-based intervention, the Family Check-Up (FCU).
Secondary data analyses based upon the Project Alliance 1 sample was conducted among those with genetic data (n = 631; 322 from control and 309 from
FCU intervention). The sample was ethnically diverse (30% African American, 44% European American, 6% Latinx, 4% Asian American, 3% Native American,
and 13% Other). Greater polygenic risk for aggression was found to increase risk for substance use violations (age 19-23), which in turn was
associated with greater likelihood of being diagnosed with SUD at age 27. A gene-by-intervention effect was found in which individuals in the control
group had greater risk for SUD with increasing polygenic risk for aggression. Some convergence in results was found when replicating analyses in
African American and European American subgroups. Results imply that genetic predisposition may increase risk for problematic substance use later in
life via antisocial behavior, such as substance use offending, and that this can be attenuated by a family-centered intervention. Copyright © 2021,
The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Behavior
Genetics., :
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Edberg, M. C., Cleary, S. D., Andrade, E. L., Evans, W. D., Quinteros-
Grady, L., Alvayero, R.
D., Gonzalez, A.
Objective: The Adelante intervention, implemented between 2013 and 2018, addressed an important syndemic health disparity for Central
American immigrant youth approaching or in high school-the co-occurrence of substance abuse, sex risk (pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections,
HIV), and interpersonal violence. Adelante was implemented and evaluated by the Avance Center for the Advancement of Immigrant/Refugee Health, which
built on a university-community partnership that has been in place since 2005. Using a tailored, ecological positive youth development (PYD)
approach, Adelante employed intervention strategies across ecological levels, including individual, family, peer, and community levels, with the use
of social marketing and digital media strategies to link activities under one aspirational identity and support community engagement. Method(s):
Using a Community Based Participatory Research approach with multiple community partners involved in the effort, the research assessed changes in
co-occurring behavioral outcomes and tested hypotheses concerning relationships between PYD mediators and these outcomes. Multiple methods were used
in collaboration with partners to assess intervention inputs and outcomes-detailed implementation process records; prepost surveys to assess changes
in PYD assets, risk behavior knowledge, and prevention skills; a community survey in the intervention and comparison communities (total N = 3,600) at
baseline and two follow-up waves; surveys of a high risk cohort (n = 238) at baseline and follow-up; and social marketing campaign surveys (n =
1,549) at baseline with 2 follow-up waves. Result(s): Analysis showed multiple improvements in PYD mediators and risk behavior outcomes, including an
overall 70% increase in knowledge and a 15% increase in prevention skills. Preliminary analysis of risk behavior outcomes demonstrated, for example,
a significant, inverse effect on reported sexual activity (past 3 months) for both Adelante intervention community and cohort samples. In addition,
self-reported exposure to the social marketing campaign was associated with positive effects on multiple outcomes, including drug use risk and
violence attitudes, and improvement in violence/sexual risk behavior outcomes in the intervention versus comparison community. Conclusion(s): There
are few models in the literature that provide a roadmap for how to address multiple, related health conditions in marginalized, immigrant
communities, even as most health disparities are associated with complex social ecologies. The Adelante intervention adds a useful model of this
nature to the evidence base, and provides support for the ecological approach to PYD with respect to such communities. Copyright © 2021. American
Psychological Association
Cultural Diversity and
Ethnic Minority Psychology., :
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Crabtree, M. A., Stanley, L. R., Kelly, K. J., Swaim, R. C.
Be Under Your Own Influence (BUYOI) is a previously validated school-based intervention
designed to delay adolescent substance use (SU) initiation. This study examined the effectiveness of a culturally-adapted version of BUYOI in
delaying SU initiation among reservation-dwelling American Indian (AI) youth. Five reservation-based middle schools participated. Three schools were
randomly assigned to receive BUYOI-AI (N=321), and two schools served as controls (N=176). Beginning in 7th grade, all participating students
completed four assessments over the study period. Discrete time hazard models estimated the effects of BUYOI on students' risk of initiating
alcohol, alcohol intoxication and marijuana before the end of 8th grade. AI students exposed to BUYOI had a lower risk of initiating alcohol use or
intoxication, though sex moderated the effect on intoxication. These findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of a culturally-
adapted version of BUYOI in delaying AI youth's first-time alcohol use and intoxication. Copyright © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Journal of Community Psychology, 49(7) : 2316-
2329
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Chaplin, T. M., Mauro, K. L., Curby, T. W., Niehaus, C., Fischer, S., Turpyn, C. C., Martelli, A. M., Miller, A.
B., Leichtweis, R. N., Baer, R., Sinha, R.
Substance use and psychopathology symptoms increase in adolescence. One key risk factor for these is high parent stress.
Mindfulness interventions reduce stress in adults and may be useful to reduce parent stress and prevent substance use (SU) and psychopathology in
adolescents. This study tested the feasibility and effects of a mindfulness intervention for parents on adolescent SU and psychopathology symptoms.
Ninety-six mothers of 11-17 year olds were randomly assigned to a mindfulness intervention for parents (the Parenting Mindfully [PM] intervention) or
a brief parent education [PE] control group. At pre-intervention, post-intervention, 6-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up, adolescents reported on
SU and mothers and adolescents reported on adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Primary intent to treat analyses found that the PM
intervention prevented increases in adolescent SU over time, relative to the PE control group. The PM intervention also prevented increases in
mother-reported externalizing symptoms over time relative to the PE control group. However, PM did not have a significant effect on internalizing
symptoms. PM had an indirect effect on adolescent-reported externalizing symptoms through greater mother mindfulness levels at post-intervention,
suggesting mother mindfulness as a potential intervention mechanism. Notably, while mothers reported high satisfaction with PM, intervention
attendance was low (31% of mothers attended zero sessions). Secondary analyses with mothers who attended>=50% of the interventions (n=48) found
significant PM effects on externalizing symptoms, but not SU. Overall, findings support mindfulness training for parents as a promising intervention
and future studies should work to promote accessibility for stressed parents.Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT02038231; Date of Registration: January
13, 2014.
Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 49(7) : 861-
875
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Mindfulness based
therapy, Meditation
Bonar, E. E., Cunningham, R. M., Sweezea, E. C., Blow, F. C., Drislane, L. E., Walton, M.
A.
PURPOSE: There are few efficacious prevention interventions for emerging adults (ages 18-
25) drug use and concomitant risks (e.g., sexual risk behaviors). We developed and evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of an Emergency
Department (ED)-initiated brief intervention (BI) combined with booster messaging as a clinician-extender primarily focusing on drug use, with a
secondary focus on condomless sex. We examined descriptive outcomes of alcohol, drug use, and condomless sex.\rPROCEDURES: We recruited N = 63
emerging adults who used drugs (primarily cannabis) from an ED (72.4 % participation rate). Their mean age was 21.7 years (SD = 2.3); 67 % were
female and 52.4 % were Black/African American. Participants randomized to the intervention (N = 31) received a BI and 28 days of tailored booster
messaging (based on drug use motives) daily, and the control condition received a community resource brochure. A post-test occurred at 1-month with a
follow-up at 2-months.\rRESULTS: The intervention was well-received (83.9 % allocated completed the BI) with 79 % overall liking the BI and 71 %
finding it helpful to discuss substances. Mean ratings of booster messages were >4.0 (5-point scale); 77 % liked the daily messages and 91 % found
them helpful. Descriptively, the intervention group evidenced absolute reductions over time on alcohol outcomes, cannabis use, and condomless sex.
\rCONCLUSIONS: This BI with booster messages was feasible and acceptable in the target population of emerging adults who use drugs (i.e., mostly
cannabis). This intervention model, initiated during a healthcare visit and accompanied by a clinician-extender, should be tested in a future fully-
powered trial.
Drug & Alcohol
Dependence, 221 : 108625
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Becker, S.
J., Helseth, S. A., Janssen, T., Kelly, L. M., Escobar, K. I., Souza, T., Wright, T., Spirito,
A.
Adolescents in residential level of care for substance-related problems have high risk of relapse
following discharge. Parent engagement lowers relapse risk, but there are myriad barriers to engaging parents in residential treatment and continuing
care. Parent SMART (Substance Misuse in Adolescents in Residential Treatment) is a technology-assisted parenting intervention that was designed to
circumvent barriers associated with traditional, office-based continuing care interventions to better engage parents. This pilot randomized trial
assessed the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of Parent SMART as an adjunctive intervention to adolescent residential
treatment-as-usual (TAU). Sixty-one parent-adolescent dyads were randomized to Parent SMART+TAU or TAU-only. Thirty-seven dyads were recruited from a
short-term facility and 24 dyads were recruited from a long-term facility. Those randomized to Parent SMART received a multi-component technology-
assisted intervention combining an off-the-shelf online parenting program, coaching sessions, and a parent networking forum. Parent and adolescent
assessments were conducted at baseline, 6, 12, and 24-weeks post-discharge. Feasibility (e.g., parental effectiveness) and acceptability (e.g.,
parental satisfaction, willingness to recommend the intervention) benchmarks were specified a priori as the primary hypotheses. Secondary
effectiveness indicators were the proportion of days adolescent used alcohol, cannabis, and any substance. All acceptability and feasibility
benchmarks were met or exceeded among dyads in both short- and long-term residential. Generalized linear mixed models showed no significant effects
pooled across sites. Analyses by facility revealed two significant time by condition interactions. Adolescents in short-term residential whose
parents received Parent SMART showed fewer drinking days and fewer school problems over time, relative to adolescents whose parents received TAU.
Results indicate that Parent SMART was both acceptable and feasible, with preliminary indication of effectiveness among those in short-term
residential. A fully-powered trial is warranted to reliably test the effectiveness of Parent SMART and understand possible mechanisms of improvement.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
Journal of substance abuse treatment, 127
(no pagination) :
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Alamsyah, T., Sofyan, H., Santosa, H., Kamil, H.
Introduction: Narcotics cases in Aceh Province increased from 943 cases in 2014 to 1,170 cases in 2015. Teenagers are one of the groups who
were vulnerable to narcotics abuse. It is expected that PMTOH'S school-based cultural intervention will prevent the tendency of drug used among
students. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the PMTOH arts-based extracurricular program in preventing drug used trends.
Method(s): The research design was a quasi-experiment with a control group and cluster random sampling method divided into a control group and an
intervention group with population of 270 and sample of 244 students. Data collection used was Attitudes to Drug Use Scale instrument. Data analyses
used was Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Chi-Square Test, and Binary Logistic Regression Test. Result(s): There was a difference between before and after
of health education about drugs using the art of speaking in Acehnese (PMToH) with a value of P = 0.0001. There was no difference between before and
after of health education about drugs which was carried out by the BNN Aceh team (P = 0.353). Logistic regression analysis showed that individual
factors (P = 0.002) and environmental factors (P = 0.001) were significant predictors of use drug trends by student. Individual factors were the most
dominant predictors of drug use tendency in students (OR: 8,419; 95% CI: 2,238 - 36,736) after being controlled by environmental factors (OR: 5,382;
95% CI: 1,213 - 23,686). Conclusion. It is expected that the model of health education using the art of speaking in the Aceh language (PMTOH) is
carried out in extracurricular activities as an alternative drug counseling technique that can be used in drug prevention for high school students in
Banda Aceh. Copyright © 2021 EManuscript Technologies. All rights reserved.
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 12(1) : 164-169
- Year: 2021
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Other Psychological Interventions, Other complementary & alternative
interventions
Tremblay, M., Baydala, L., Khan, M., Currie, C., Morley, K., Burkholder, C., Davidson, R., Stillar, A.
Context: An updated synthesis of research on substance abuse prevention programs can promote
enhanced uptake of programs with proven effectiveness, particularly when paired with information relevant to practitioners and policy makers.
Objective: To assess the strength of the scientific evidence for psychoactive substance abuse prevention programs for school-aged children and youth.
Data Sources: A systematic review was conducted of studies published up until March 31, 2020. Study Selection: Articles on substance abuse prevention
programs for school-aged children and youth were independently screened and included if they met eligibility criteria: (1) the program was designed
for a general population of children and youth (ie, not designed for particular target groups), (2) the program was delivered to a general
population, (3) the program only targeted children and youth, and (4) the study included a control group. Data Extraction: Two reviewers
independently evaluated study quality and extracted outcome data. Results: Ninety studies met eligibility criteria, representing 16 programs.
Programs evaluated with the largest combined sample sizes were Drug Abuse Resistance Education, Project Adolescent Learning Experiences Resistance
Training, Life Skills Training (LST), the Adolescent Alcohol Prevention Trial, and Project Choice. Limitations: Given the heterogeneity of outcomes
measured in the included studies, it was not possible to conduct a statistical meta-analysis of program effectiveness. Conclusions: The most research
has been conducted on the LST program. However, as with other programs included in this review, studies of LST effectiveness varied in quality. With
this review, we provide an updated summary of evidence for primary prevention program effectiveness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all
rights reserved)
Pediatrics Vol 146(3), 2020, ArtID
e20192747, 146(3) :
- Year: 2020
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any)