Disorders - Cannabis Use
Kaminer, Y., Ohannessian, C., Burke, R.
Background: Youth with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
referred to treatment from the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) account for approximately half of the treatment admissions nationwide. The objective of
this paper is to report a comparison of retention and outcomes for JJS referrals to those from the general community. Method(s): A total of 172
adolescents, 13-18 years of age, 83% males, 70% JJS referrals, diagnosed with DSM-IV Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), enrolled in this outpatient,
randomized, continued care study. Following a 7-session weekly motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (MET/CBT-7),
only poor responders were randomized into a 10-week second phase of either an individualized enhanced CBT or an Adolescent Community Reinforcement
Approach (ACRA) intervention. Result(s): JJS referrals' retention rates were significantly higher than those of non-JJS referrals (X2 (1)
= 11.21, p <.01) at the end of Phase I (i.e. week 7). However, there was no difference in abstinence rates between the groups at the end of phase I
or II and any of the quarterly additional follow-up assessments up to one year from treatment onset. Conclusion(s): Additional research examining how
to capitalize on improved retention rates among youth JJS referrals is necessary in order to advance abstinence. Copyright © 2019 Bentham Science
Publishers.
Adolescent
Psychiatry, 9(1) : 4-10
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Kaminer, Y., Ohannessian, C., Burke, R.
Background: Youth with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
referred to treatment from the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) account for approximately half of the treatment admissions nationwide. The objective of
this paper is to report a comparison of retention and outcomes for JJS referrals to those from the general community. Method(s): A total of 172
adolescents, 13-18 years of age, 83% males, 70% JJS referrals, diagnosed with DSM-IV Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), enrolled in this outpatient,
randomized, continued care study. Following a 7-session weekly motivational enhancement and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (MET/CBT-7),
only poor responders were randomized into a 10-week second phase of either an individualized enhanced CBT or an Adolescent Community Reinforcement
Approach (ACRA) intervention. Result(s): JJS referrals' retention rates were significantly higher than those of non-JJS referrals (X2 (1)
= 11.21, p <.01) at the end of Phase I (i.e. week 7). However, there was no difference in abstinence rates between the groups at the end of phase I
or II and any of the quarterly additional follow-up assessments up to one year from treatment onset. Conclusion(s): Additional research examining how
to capitalize on improved retention rates among youth JJS referrals is necessary in order to advance abstinence. Copyright © 2019 Bentham Science
Publishers.
Adolescent
Psychiatry, 9(1) : 4-10
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M.
J., Ecker, A. H., Schmidt, N. B., Lewis, E. M., Paulus, D. J., Lopez-Gamundi, P., Crapanzano, K. A., Bakhshaie, J.
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is
the most common illicit substance use disorder and individuals with CUD have high rates of comorbid anxiety disorders. Comorbidity between CUD and
anxiety disorders is of public health relevance given that although motivation enhancement therapy (MET) combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT) is an efficacious intervention for CUD, outcomes are worse for patients with elevated anxiety. The current study tested the acceptability and
efficacy of the integration of a transdiagnostic anxiety CBT (i.e., treatment of patients with any anxiety disorder) with MET-CBT (integrated
cannabis and anxiety reduction treatment, or ICART) for CUD compared to MET-CBT alone. Treatment-seeking cannabis users (56.4% male, Mage
= 23.2, 63.3% non-Hispanic White) with CUD and at least one comorbid anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to ICART (n = 27) or MET-CBT (n = 28).
Patients in the ICART condition attended significantly more treatment sessions than those in the MET-CBT condition. Patients in the ICART condition
were more likely to be abstinent post-treatment than those in MET-CBT. Further, treatment produced decreases in cannabis use and related problems.
Notably, therapy type did not moderate the impact of treatment on frequency of use and related problems. Together, these data suggest that ICART may
be at least as efficacious as a gold-standard psychosocial CUD treatment, MET-CBT, for a difficult-to-treat subpopulation of cannabis users.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
Behaviour Research and
Therapy, 115 : 38-45
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Other Psychological Interventions
Sherman, B. J., Caruso, M. A., McRae-Clark, A. L.
Background: Sex differences in cannabis use disorder (CUD) and its
treatment have been identified. Women report more severe withdrawal and have shown worse treatment outcomes. Ovarian hormones are implicated in these
differences and research suggests that exogenous progesterone may be an effective pharmacotherapy. Method(s): The current randomized, placebo-
controlled, feasibility trial tested a novel multimodal methodology for administering exogenous progesterone during acute cannabis withdrawal. Eight
heavy cannabis using women received micronized progesterone (200 mg bid) (n = 3) or matching placebo (n = 5) during the early follicular phase of
their menstrual cycle over a 5-day study period while abstaining from cannabis. Laboratory visits (days 1 and 5) included biological and self-report
assessments, while home-based procedures (days 2-4) included ambulatory assessments, video data capture and tele-drug testing, and biological
assessments. Primary outcomes were medication adherence and salivary hormone levels, and the exploratory outcome was cannabis withdrawal severity.
Result(s): Medication adherence rates were high as assessed via self-report (100.0%) and video data capture (98.0%). Salivary progesterone levels
differed between groups over time (p < 0.027) and the progesterone group achieved levels within the normal range during the luteal phase in healthy
adults. All tele-drug tests were negative confirming cannabis abstinence and there was an indication (p = 0.07) of reduced cannabis craving among
participants receiving progesterone. Conclusion(s): More effective and sex-based treatments for cannabis use disorder are needed. The current study
provides a novel multimodal methodology with low participant burden for investigating new medications for cannabis withdrawal. Clinical trials of
progesterone for cannabis withdrawal may be warranted. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 179 : 22-
26
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Other biological interventions
D'Amico, E. J., Parast, L., Shadel, W. G., Meredith, L. S., Seelam, R., Stein, B. D., Osilla, K. C.
Purpose: Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use during adolescence is associated with numerous
problems. Primary care (PC) settings provide a unique opportunity to address AOD use through screening and brief intervention. Methods/Data: Every
adolescent age 12 through 18 that came for an appointment to four PC clinics (one in Los Angeles; three in Pittsburgh) during the 2.5-year study
period was asked to be in the study. Teens completed a screening; those at-risk completed a baseline survey and were randomized to either CHAT, a
brief 15-minmotivational interviewing intervention, or enhanced usual care (UC), a brochure on AOD use. Teens were followed at 3-, 6- and 12-months.
The sample (n = 294) was 58% female, 66% Hispanic, 17% Black, 12% white, 5%multiethnic or other, with an average age of 16 years. Result(s): We
worked closely with staff at the PC clinics to determine the best way to approach teens and parents. We faced several recruitment challenges
including construction and staffing changes. Retention was also initially lower in Pittsburgh due to challenges, including gift card vendors and cell
phones being disconnected. For example, the Target in Pittsburgh was too far for many teens, so we changed the gift card to a local shopping place
and retention rates increased. Compared to UC adolescents, CHAT adolescents reported less perceived peer use of alcohol andmarijuana at 3 (p's<.05)
and 6 months (p's<.05). CHAT adolescents also reported marginally fewer negative alcohol consequences experienced at 6 months (p = .08). At 12
months, compared to UC, CHAT adolescents reported less perceived peer alcohol (p < .05) andmarijuana (p < .01) use and fewer negative consequences
from alcohol (p < .05) andmarijuana use (p < .05). After controlling for baseline outcomes, CHAT teens who reported more alcohol consequences or had
an alcohol use disorder at baseline reported less alcohol use, heavy drinking, and consequences one year later compared to UC teens. CHAT teens who
reported more marijuana consequences at baseline reported fewer marijuana consequences one year later compared to UC teens. Conclusion(s): It is
crucial to determine the best ways to engage and retain at-risk adolescents. Findings emphasize that teens can benefit from PC interventions that
briefly and effectively address both alcohol and marijuana use.
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43 (Supplement
1) : 281A
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Alcohol
Use, Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Psychoeducation, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Stein, M. D., Caviness, C.
M., Morse, E. F., Grimone, K. R., Audet, D., Herman, D. S., Moitra, E., Anderson, B. J.
AIMS: To test the hypothesis that among non-treatment-seeking
emerging adults (EA) who both use marijuana and have alcohol binges, a brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational
intervention would show greater reductions in the use of these two substances compared with a health education control condition. DESIGN: Parallel,
two-group, randomized controlled trial with follow-up interventions conducted at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months and final assessments at 12 and 15 months.
SETTING: Hospital-based research unit in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Community-based 18-25-year-olds who reported at least monthly binge
drinking and at least weekly marijuana use. INTERVENTION: Motivational intervention (EA-MI) focused primarily on themes of emerging adulthood
(identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, a sense of possibilities) and the subjects' relationship to substance use (n =
110) compared with an attention-matched health education control condition (n = 116). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcomes were days of binge alcohol,
marijuana and dual use day as measured using the timeline follow-back method analysing the treatment by time interaction to determine relative
differences in the rate of change between intervention arms. FINDINGS: At baseline, the mean rate (days/30) of binge drinking was 5.23 (+/- 4.31) of
marijuana use was 19.4 (+/- 10.0) and of dual (same day) use was 4.11 (+/- 4.13). Relative to baseline, there were reductions in the rate of binge
alcohol use, marijuana use and days of combined binge alcohol and marijuana use (P < 0.001) at all follow-up assessments. However, the treatment x
time interaction was not statistically significant for alcohol (P = 0.37), for marijuana (P = 0.07) or for dual use (P = 0.55). Averaged over all
follow-ups, mean reductions in binge, marijuana and dual use days were 1.16, 1.45 and 1.08, respectively, in the health education arm, and 1.06, 1.69
and 0.96 in EA-MI. Bayes factors were < 0.01 for frequency of binge alcohol use and frequency of dual binge alcohol and marijuana and 0.016 for
marijuana use. CONCLUSION(S): A brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational intervention for young adults did not produce
reductions in binge alcohol, marijuana use or dual use days relative to a control condition. Copyright © 2017 Society for the Study of Addiction.
Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(3) : 440-
453
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Alcohol
Use, Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Psychoeducation
D'Amico, E.J., Parast,
L., Shadel, W.G., Meredith, L.S., Seelam, R., Stein, B.D.
Objective: The primary care (PC) setting provides a
unique opportunity to address adolescent alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. Method: We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 4 PC clinics from
April 2013 to November 2015 to determine whether a 15-min brief motivational interviewing (MI) AOD intervention, delivered in PC, reduced alcohol and
marijuana use and consequences. Adolescents ages 12-18 who came for an appointment during the 2.5-year study period were asked to be in the study and
screened using the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Screening Guide. Those identified as at risk were randomized to the CHAT
intervention or usual care (UC). Adolescents completed 4 web-based surveys at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months postbaseline. Results: The sample (n =
294) was 58% female and 66% Hispanic, 17% Black, 12% White, 5% multiethnic or other, with an average age of 16 years. Compared to UC adolescents,
CHAT adolescents reported significantly less perceived peer use of alcohol and marijuana at 3 months (alcohol: p < .0001; marijuana p = .01) and 6
months (alcohol: p = .04; marijuana p = .04). CHAT adolescents also reported marginally fewer negative alcohol consequences experienced at 6 months
(p = .08). At 12 months, compared to UC, CHAT adolescents reported less perceived peer alcohol (p = .04) and marijuana (p < .01) use and fewer
negative consequences from alcohol (p = .03) and marijuana (p = .04) use. Conclusions: A brief MI intervention delivered in PC reduced negative
consequences from alcohol and marijuana use 1 year later. Findings emphasize that adolescents can benefit from PC interventions that briefly and
effectively address both alcohol and marijuana use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement What is the public
health significance of this article?-This study suggests that a brief motivational intervention in the primary care setting is an effective way to
reduce adolescents' perceptions of alcohol and marijuana use and consequences experienced one year later. Findings emphasize that adolescents can
benefit from interventions that briefly and effectively address both alcohol and marijuana use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights
reserved)
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(9) : 775-
786
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Alcohol
Use, Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy
Pol, T. M., Hendriks, V., Rigter, H., Cohn, M. D., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Domburgh, L., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.
Background: Substance use and
delinquency are considered to be mutual risk factors. Previous studies have shown that multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) is effective in
tackling both conditions on the short term. The current study examines the long-term effects of MDFT on criminal offending. Method(s): 109
adolescents with cannabis use disorder and comorbid problem behavior were randomly assigned to either MDFT or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Police arrest data were collected for 6years: 3years prior to and 3years after treatment entry. Using survival analysis and repeated measure General
Linear Models (rmGLM), the two treatment groups were compared on number of arrests, type of offence, and severity of offence. Moderator analyses
looking at age, disruptive behavior disorders, history of crimes, family functioning, and (severe) cannabis use were conducted (rmGLM). Result(s):
While police arrest rates increased in the 3years before treatment, the rates decreased substantially after the start of both treatments. No
differences were found between the treatment groups with respect to either time to first offence from the start of the treatment or changes in
frequency or severity of offending over time. A treatment effect trend favoring MDFT was found for property offending in the subgroup of adolescents
with high baseline-severity of cannabis use. Conclusion(s): Across a follow-up period of 3years, MDFT and CBT were similarly effective in reducing
delinquency in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s).
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
and Mental Health, 12 (1) (no pagination)(44) :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Family therapy
Riggs, N. R., Conner, B. T., Parnes, J. E., Prince, M. A., Shillington, A.
M., George, M. W.
BACKGROUND: Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is hypothesized to
decrease social norms discouraging use, which protects against marijuana use. This may increase the importance of protective behavioral strategies
(PBS) to reduce marijuana use harm.\rMETHODS: This study tested direct and moderated (by sex) program effects of an adapted version of the Marijuana
eCHECKUPTO GO, a web-based marijuana use intervention providing university-specific personalized feedback (PF) with normative information and PBS to
students attending a university in a state with legalized adult recreational marijuana. Participants were 298 heavy-using college students randomly
assigned to receive Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO or strategies for healthy stress management (HSM). General linear models (GLMs) tested direct program
effects on proximal intervention targets, marijuana use, and use consequences. Multi-group GLMs then tested the moderating effect of sex on direct
intervention effects.\rRESULTS: Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO participants reported decreases in estimated use prevalence (i.e., descriptive norms), self-
reported hours high per week, days high per week, periods high per week, and weeks high per month. Sex moderated intervention effects on the use of
PBS such that females in the PF condition increased their use of PBS more than males.\rCONCLUSION: Results demonstrate preliminary support for the
adapted Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO in reducing marijuana use for \"heavy college-aged users\". Future research should test adapted Marijuana eCHECKUPTO
GO sustained effects over time, and examine whether program effects on harm reduction manifest after sustained (e.g., booster) program
implementation.
Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 190 : 13-
19
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Biofeedback, neurofeedback, audio/video feedback, Personalised feedback, normative feedback
Pol, T. M., Hendriks, V., Rigter, H., Cohn, M. D., Doreleijers, T. A. H., Domburgh, L., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M.
Background: Substance use and
delinquency are considered to be mutual risk factors. Previous studies have shown that multidimensional family therapy (MDFT) is effective in
tackling both conditions on the short term. The current study examines the long-term effects of MDFT on criminal offending. Method(s): 109
adolescents with cannabis use disorder and comorbid problem behavior were randomly assigned to either MDFT or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Police arrest data were collected for 6years: 3years prior to and 3years after treatment entry. Using survival analysis and repeated measure General
Linear Models (rmGLM), the two treatment groups were compared on number of arrests, type of offence, and severity of offence. Moderator analyses
looking at age, disruptive behavior disorders, history of crimes, family functioning, and (severe) cannabis use were conducted (rmGLM). Result(s):
While police arrest rates increased in the 3years before treatment, the rates decreased substantially after the start of both treatments. No
differences were found between the treatment groups with respect to either time to first offence from the start of the treatment or changes in
frequency or severity of offending over time. A treatment effect trend favoring MDFT was found for property offending in the subgroup of adolescents
with high baseline-severity of cannabis use. Conclusion(s): Across a follow-up period of 3years, MDFT and CBT were similarly effective in reducing
delinquency in adolescents with a cannabis use disorder. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s).
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
and Mental Health, 12 (1) (no pagination)(44) :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Family therapy
Riggs, N. R., Conner, B. T., Parnes, J. E., Prince, M. A., Shillington, A. M., George, M. W.
BACKGROUND: Marijuana use is common among U.S. college students. Liberalization of marijuana use policies is hypothesized to
decrease social norms discouraging use, which protects against marijuana use. This may increase the importance of protective behavioral strategies
(PBS) to reduce marijuana use harm.\rMETHODS: This study tested direct and moderated (by sex) program effects of an adapted version of the Marijuana
eCHECKUPTO GO, a web-based marijuana use intervention providing university-specific personalized feedback (PF) with normative information and PBS to
students attending a university in a state with legalized adult recreational marijuana. Participants were 298 heavy-using college students randomly
assigned to receive Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO or strategies for healthy stress management (HSM). General linear models (GLMs) tested direct program
effects on proximal intervention targets, marijuana use, and use consequences. Multi-group GLMs then tested the moderating effect of sex on direct
intervention effects.\rRESULTS: Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO participants reported decreases in estimated use prevalence (i.e., descriptive norms), self-
reported hours high per week, days high per week, periods high per week, and weeks high per month. Sex moderated intervention effects on the use of
PBS such that females in the PF condition increased their use of PBS more than males.\rCONCLUSION: Results demonstrate preliminary support for the
adapted Marijuana eCHECKUPTO GO in reducing marijuana use for \"heavy college-aged users\". Future research should test adapted Marijuana eCHECKUPTO
GO sustained effects over time, and examine whether program effects on harm reduction manifest after sustained (e.g., booster) program
implementation.
Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 190 : 13-
19
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Biofeedback, neurofeedback, audio/video feedback, Personalised feedback, normative feedback
Stein, M. D., Caviness, C. M., Morse, E. F., Grimone, K.
R., Audet, D., Herman, D. S., Moitra, E., Anderson, B. J.
AIMS: To test the hypothesis that among non-treatment-seeking
emerging adults (EA) who both use marijuana and have alcohol binges, a brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational
intervention would show greater reductions in the use of these two substances compared with a health education control condition. DESIGN: Parallel,
two-group, randomized controlled trial with follow-up interventions conducted at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months and final assessments at 12 and 15 months.
SETTING: Hospital-based research unit in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Community-based 18-25-year-olds who reported at least monthly binge
drinking and at least weekly marijuana use. INTERVENTION: Motivational intervention (EA-MI) focused primarily on themes of emerging adulthood
(identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, a sense of possibilities) and the subjects' relationship to substance use (n =
110) compared with an attention-matched health education control condition (n = 116). MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcomes were days of binge alcohol,
marijuana and dual use day as measured using the timeline follow-back method analysing the treatment by time interaction to determine relative
differences in the rate of change between intervention arms. FINDINGS: At baseline, the mean rate (days/30) of binge drinking was 5.23 (+/- 4.31) of
marijuana use was 19.4 (+/- 10.0) and of dual (same day) use was 4.11 (+/- 4.13). Relative to baseline, there were reductions in the rate of binge
alcohol use, marijuana use and days of combined binge alcohol and marijuana use (P < 0.001) at all follow-up assessments. However, the treatment x
time interaction was not statistically significant for alcohol (P = 0.37), for marijuana (P = 0.07) or for dual use (P = 0.55). Averaged over all
follow-ups, mean reductions in binge, marijuana and dual use days were 1.16, 1.45 and 1.08, respectively, in the health education arm, and 1.06, 1.69
and 0.96 in EA-MI. Bayes factors were < 0.01 for frequency of binge alcohol use and frequency of dual binge alcohol and marijuana and 0.016 for
marijuana use. CONCLUSION(S): A brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational intervention for young adults did not produce
reductions in binge alcohol, marijuana use or dual use days relative to a control condition. Copyright © 2017 Society for the Study of Addiction.
Addiction (Abingdon, England), 113(3) : 440-
453
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Alcohol
Use, Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Psychoeducation