Disorders - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Rossouw, J., Yadin, E., Alexander, D., Mbanga,
I., Jacobs, T., Seedat, S.
Background: There is a dearth of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of pharmacological and
nonpharmacological treatments for adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in developing country settings. The primary aim of this
study was to demonstrate that Prolonged Exposure Treatment for Adolescents (PE-A) and supportive counselling (SC) are implementable by nurses in a
South African context. A secondary aim was to perform a preliminary analysis of the effectiveness of registered nurses delivering either PE-A or SC
treatment to adolescents with PTSD. It is hypothesised that PE-A will be superior to SC in terms of improvements in PTSD symptoms and depression.
Method: A pilot, single-blind, randomised clinical trial of 11 adolescents with PTSD. Nurses previously naive to Prolonged Exposure (PE) Treatment
and SC provided these treatments at the adolescents' high schools. Data collection lasted from March 2013 to October 2014. Participants received
twelve 60-90-min sessions of PE (n = 6) or SC (n = 5). All outcomes were assessed before treatment, at mid-treatment, immediately after treatment
completion and at 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome, PTSD symptom severity, was assessed with the Child PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview (CPSS-I)
(range, 0-51; higher scores indicate greater severity). The secondary outcome, depression severity, was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI) (range, 0-41; higher scores indicate greater severity). Results: Data were analysed as intention to treat. During treatment, participants in
both the PE-A and SC treatment arms experienced significant improvement on the CPSS-I as well as on the BDI. There was a significant difference
between the PE-A and SC groups in maintaining PTSD and depression at the 12-month post-treatment assessment, with the participants in the PE-A group
maintaining their gains both on PTSD and depression measures. Conclusion: The treatment was adequately implemented by the nurses and well-tolerated
by the participants. Preliminary results suggest that the delivery of either intervention led to a significant improvement in PTSD and depression
symptoms immediately post treatment. The important difference was that improvement gains in PTSD and depression in the PE-A group were maintained at
12-month follow-up. The results of this pilot and feasibility study are discussed. Trial registration: Pan African Clinical Trials Registry:
PACTR201511001345372, registered on 11 November 2015. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s).
Trials, 17 (1) (no pagination)(548) :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Exposure therapy, Exposure
and response prevention, Supportive
therapy
Shein-Szydlo, J., Sukhodolsky, D.
G., Kon, D. S., Tejeda, M. M., Ramirez, E., Ruchkin, V.
The study aimed to evaluate cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression, anxiety, and anger in
street children by a randomized controlled trial of CBT versus a waitlist control. It was conducted in 8 residential facilities for street children
in Mexico City, with assessments at baseline, posttreatment, and 3 months later. Children who reported at least moderate posttraumatic stress, and
fulfilled the study requirement were enrolled in the study (N = 100, 12-18 years old, 36 boys). There were 51 children randomized to CBT and 49 to
the waitlist condition. Randomization was stratified by gender. CBT consisted of 12 individual 1-hour sessions administered weekly by 2 trained,
master's-level clinicians. Outcome measures included self-reports of PTS, depression, anxiety, and anger; global improvement was assessed by the
independent evaluator. Compared to participants in the waitlist condition participants in CBT showed a significant reduction in all symptoms, with
effects sizes of 1.73 to 1.75. At follow up there was attrition (n = 36), and no change from posttreatment scores. The study did find statistically
significant improvement in symptoms in the CBT group compared to the waitlist condition; symptoms remained stable at 3 months. The study found that
CBT for trauma in a sample of street children provided a reduction of a broad range of mental health symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017
APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29(5) : 406-414
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Zandberg, L., Kaczkurkin, A.
N., McLean, C. P., Rescorla, L., Yadin, E., Foa, E. B.
The present study evaluated secondary emotional and behavioral outcomes among adolescents who received prolonged
exposure (PE-A) or client-centered therapy (CCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were 61
adolescent girls (age: M = 15.33, SD = 1.50 years) with sexual abuse related PTSD seeking treatment at a community mental health clinic. Multilevel
modeling was employed to evaluate group differences on the Youth Self-Report (YSR) over acute treatment and 12-month follow-up. Both treatment groups
showed significant improvements on all YSR scales from baseline to 12-month follow-up. Adolescents who received PE-A showed significantly greater
reductions than those receiving CCT on the Externalizing subscale (d = 0.70), rule-breaking behavior (d = 0.63), aggressive behavior (d = 0.62), and
conduct problems (d = 0.78). No treatment differences were found on the Internalizing subscale or among other YSR problem areas. Both PE-A and CCT
effectively reduced many co-occurring problems among adolescents with PTSD. Although PE-A focuses on PTSD and not on disruptive behaviors, PE-A was
associated with greater sustained changes in externalizing symptoms, supporting broad effects of trauma-focused treatment on associated problem
areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 29(6) : 507-514
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Exposure therapy, Exposure
and response prevention, Other Psychological Interventions
Macdonald, G., Livingstone, N., Hanratty, J., McCartan, C., Cotmore, R., Cary, M., Glaser, D., Byford,
S., Welton, N. J., Bosqui, T., Bowes, L., Audrey, S., Mezey, G., Fisher, H. L., Riches, W., Churchill, R.
Background: Child maltreatment is a substantial social problem that affects large numbers of children and young
people in the UK, resulting in a range of significant short- and long-term psychosocial problems. Objectives: To synthesise evidence of the
effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of interventions addressing the adverse consequences of child maltreatment. Study design: For
effectiveness, we included any controlled study. Other study designs were considered for economic decision modelling. For acceptability, we included
any study that asked participants for their views. Participants: Children and young people up to 24 years 11 months, who had experienced maltreatment
before the age of 17 years 11 months. Interventions: Any psychosocial intervention provided in any setting aiming to address the consequences of
maltreatment. Main outcome measures: Psychological distress [particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, and self-
harm], behaviour, social functioning, quality of life and acceptability. Methods: Young Persons and Professional Advisory Groups guided the project,
which was conducted in accordance with Cochrane Collaboration and NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidance. Departures from the published
protocol were recorded and explained. Meta-analyses and costeffectiveness analyses of available data were undertaken where possible. Results: We
identified 198 effectiveness studies (including 62 randomised trials); six economic evaluations (five using trial data and one decision-analytic
model); and 73 studies investigating treatment acceptability. Pooled data on cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for sexual abuse suggested post-
treatment reductions in PTSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.44 (95% CI -4.43 to -1.53)], depression [mean difference -2.83 (95% CI -4.53 to
-1.13)] and anxiety [SMD -0.23 (95% CI -0.03 to -0.42)]. No differences were observed for post-treatment sexualised behaviour, externalising
behaviour, behaviour management skills of parents, or parental support to the child. Findings from attachment-focused interventions suggested
improvements in secure attachment [odds ratio 0.14 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.70)] and reductions in disorganised behaviour [SMD 0.23 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.42)],
but no differences in avoidant attachment or externalising behaviour. Few studies addressed the role of caregivers, or the impact of the therapist-
child relationship. Economic evaluations suffered methodological limitations and provided conflicting results. As a result, decision-analytic
modelling was not possible, but cost-effectiveness analysis using effectiveness data from meta-analyses was undertaken for the most promising
intervention: CBT for sexual abuse. Analyses of the cost-effectiveness of CBT were limited by the lack of cost data beyond the cost of CBT itself.
Conclusions: It is not possible to draw firm conclusions about which interventions are effective for children with different maltreatment profiles,
which are of no benefit or are harmful, and which factors encourage people to seek therapy, accept the offer of therapy and actively engage with
therapy. Little is known about the cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions. Copyright © Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO 2016.
Health Technology
Assessment, 20(69) :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any)
Littleton, H., Grills, A. E., Kline, K. D., Schoemann, A. M., Dodd, J. C.
This study evaluated the efficacy of the From Survivor to
Thriver program, an interactive, online therapist-facilitated cognitive-behavioral program for rape-related PTSD. Eighty-seven college women with
rape-related PTSD were randomized to complete the interactive program (n = 46) or a psycho-educational self-help website (n = 41). Both programs led
to large reductions in interview-assessed PTSD at post-treatment (interactive d = 2.22, psycho-educational d = 1.10), which were maintained at three
month follow-up. Both also led to medium- to large-sized reductions in self-reported depressive and general anxiety symptoms. Follow-up analyses
supported that the therapist-facilitated interactive program led to superior outcomes among those with higher pre-treatment PTSD whereas the psycho-
educational self-help website led to superior outcomes for individuals with lower pre-treatment PTSD. Future research should examine the efficacy and
effectiveness of online interventions for rape-related PTSD including whether treatment intensity matching could be utilized to maximize outcomes and
therapist resource efficiency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 43 : 41-
51
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Martsenkovskyi, D.
Introduction: Provision of mental health care for children with PTSD was
accompanied by difficulties in engaging into the therapy of parents who were also traumatized, and often were negatively disposed to psychotherapy or
pharmacotherapy. Many of children were exposed to secondary trauma due to violence in the family that creates limitations for psychotherapy.
Objective: To evaluate a short and long-term efficacy and tolerability of fluoxetine versus psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD in children [1].
Methods: Placebo-controlled 16-week study with a fixed dose of Fluoxetine (20-40 mg) versus Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) (16
session once a week; 60-to-90 minute sessions) [2]. Placebo group received only Brief Psychosocial Intervention once a week throughout the treatment
[3]. The trial design consisted of 1-week single-blind, placebo run-in period (Placebo treatment and 5 session of Brief Psychosocial Intervention),
followed by a 16-week treatment period and a 2-week taper phase. Patients that after the placebo run-in period, demonstrated a reduction of severity
of symptoms on CAPS-2, CDRS-R more than on 10% were excluded from the study. We examined 476 adolescents that have been moved from the combat zone in
the East of Ukraine, among them 116 of children aged from 12 to 18 years (MD = 14.2) were randomized after finishing placebo run-in period. All
adolescents were assessed both by K-SADS-PL and met the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD and on possible psychiatric comorbidities. Drug efficacy was assessed
weekly using the CAPS-2, CDRS-R, CGI-S/I, CGAS. Safety assessed: PAERS, C-SSRS, ECGs. Result: The reduction in CAPS-2 scales was statistically
significant among children randomized both to fluoxetine and psychotherapy treatment compared with placebo in a week 16 endpoint (fluoxetine
treatment difference -11.10; 95% Cl -13.4, -7.38; p<0.001; TF-CBT treatment difference -12.28; 95% Cl -14.2, -8.21; p<0.001). Significant greater
proportion of fluoxetine-treated patient (51%) and TF-CBT-treated (54%) than placebo-treated (42%) were defined as treatment responders based on
CGI-S/I, CAPS-2 and CDRS-R scales (adjusted odds ratio = 2.28; 95% Cl 1.75, 2.93; p <0.001). TF-CBT had a large effect on CAPS-2 domains: re-
experiencing (p<0.005, eta2 = 0.541), avoidence/numbling (p<0.005 eta2 = 0.551), hyperarousal (p<0.005, eta2 = 0.515); effect on CDRS-R T-score was
not significant p = 0.389, eta2 = 0.172. Fluoxetine had larger effect both on all CAPS-2 domains and CDRS-R T-score. The presence of severe
depressive symptoms (T-score range CDRS-R >55) correlated with the large effect of fluoxetine therapy. Low CDRS-R T-score range <40 correlated with
large effect of TF-CBT. The most common adverse effects in fluoxetine group were somnolence, headache and irritability, each occurring in <20%
patients. Conclusion: No significant difference in efficacy was found between fluoxetine and trauma-focused psychotherapy. Both of therapy methods
showed significant improvements versus placebo and can be recommended in pediatric practice. Adolescents with PTSD and major depressive disorder
according to preliminary data can receive more benefits from combining use of TF-CBT and fluoxetine therapy.
European
Neuropsychopharmacology, 26 : S728-S729
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Antidepressants
(any), Psychological Interventions
(any), Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-
CBT)
Maxwell, K., Callahan, J. L., Holtz, P., Janis, B. M., Gerber, M. M., Connor, D. R.
Presented herein is a comparative study of group treatments for
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, an emerging intervention, memory specificity training (MeST), was compared with cognitive
processing therapy (CPT) using standardized outcome measures of target symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression from client perspective; memory
specificity from independent rater perspective) and global functioning (independent rater perspective), as well as a process measure of expectancy
(client perspective). Clients were assessed on 3 separate occasions: at baseline, posttreatment, and 3 months posttreat-ment. Adherence and treatment
fidelity (independent rater perspective) were monitored throughout the course of both treatment conditions. Improvement in PTSD symptoms, depressive
symptoms, and global functioning were similar between MeST and CPT; an increase in ability to specify memories upon retrieval was also similar
between MeST and CPT. Positive reliable change was observed in both groups on all outcome measures. With respect to the primary target of PTSD
symptoms, 88% of participants in both treatment groups moved into the functional distribution by posttreatment and maintained these gains at follow-
up. Notably, compared with CPT, MeST required only half the dosage (i.e., number of sessions) to accomplish these gains. Illustrative vignettes from
client-therapist exchanges are provided, and results are discussed in terms of the potential mechanisms of action. Implications for both clinical
practice and clinical research are also included. Copyright © 2016 American Psychological Association.
Psychotherapy, 53(4) : 433-445
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Ooi, C. S., Rooney, R.
M., Roberts, C., Kane, R. T., Wright, B., Chatzisarantis,
N.
Background: Preventative and treatment programs for people at risk of developing
psychological problems after exposure to war trauma have mushroomed in the last decade. However, there is still much contention about evidence-based
and culturally sensitive interventions for children. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the Teaching Recovery Techniques in
improving the emotional and behavioral outcomes of war-affected children resettled in Australia. Methods and Findings: A cluster randomized
controlled trial with pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up design was employed. A total of 82 participants (aged 10-17 years) were randomized
by school into the 8-week intervention (n = 45) or the waiting list (WL) control condition (n = 37). Study outcomes included symptoms of post-
traumatic stress disorder, depression, internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as psychosocial functioning. A medium intervention effect
was found for depression symptoms. Participants in the intervention condition experienced a greater symptom reduction than participants in the WL
control condition, F(1, 155) = 5.20, p = 0.024, partial eta2 = 0.07. This improvement was maintained at the 3-month follow-up, F(2, 122) = 7.24, p =
0.001, partial eta2 = 0.20. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential benefit of the school and group-based intervention on depression
symptoms but not on other outcomes, when compared to a waiting list control group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Frontiers in Psychology Vol 7 2016, ArtID 1641, 7 :
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Miller-Graff, L. E., Campion, K.
Background: In the past 15 years, there have been a substantial number of rigorous
studies examining the effectiveness of various treatments for child trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although a number of review
articles exist, many have focused on randomized controlled trials or specific treatment methodologies, both of which limit the ability to draw
conclusions across studies and the statistical power to test the effect of particular treatment characteristics on treatment outcomes. The current
study is a review and meta-analysis of 74 studies examining treatments for children exposed to violence. Methods: After reviewing the literature, we
examined the relationship of a variety of treatment characteristics (e.g., group or individual treatments) and sample characteristics (e.g., average
age) on treatment effect sizes. Results: Results indicated that individual therapies and those with exposure paradigms within a cognitive-behavioral
therapy or skills-building framework show the most promise, but treatment is somewhat less effective for those with more severe symptomology and for
younger children. Conclusions: Future treatments should consider the developmental and social contexts that may impede treatment progress for young
children and consider how best to develop the effectiveness of group interventions that can be readily delivered in settings of mass trauma.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 72(3) : 226-248
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-
CBT)
Morina, N., Koerssen, R., Pollet, T. V.
This meta-analysis aimed at determining the efficacy of psychological and
psychopharmacological interventions for children and adolescents suffering from symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A search using the
Medline, PsycINFO, and PILOTS databases was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for pediatric PTSD. The search resulted in 41
RCTs, of which 39 were psychological interventions and two psychopharmacological interventions. Results showed that psychological interventions are
effective in treating PTSD, with aggregated effect sizes of Hedge's g = 0.83 when compared to waitlist and g = 0.41 when compared to active control
conditions at posttreatment. Trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy was the most researched form of intervention and resulted in medium to large
effect sizes when compared to waitlist (g = 1.44) and active control conditions (g = 0.66). Experimental conditions were also more effective than
control conditions at follow-up. Interventions were further effective in reducing comorbid depression symptoms, yet the obtained effect sizes were
small to medium only. The findings indicate that psychological interventions can effectively reduce PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. There
is very little evidence to support use of psychopharmacological interventions for pediatric PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights
reserved)
Clinical Psychology Review, 47 : 41-
54
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Psychological Interventions
(any)
Goldbeck,
L., Muche, R., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., Rosner, R.
Background: Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (Tf-CBT) is efficacious for children and
adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Its effectiveness in clinical practice has still to be investigated. Aims: To determine
whether Tf-CBT is superior to waiting list (WL), and to investigate the predictors of treatment response. Method: We conducted a single-blind
parallel-group randomized controlled trial in eight German outpatient clinics with the main inclusion criteria of age 7-17 years, symptom score >= 35
on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA), and caregiver participation. Patients were randomly assigned to 12
sessions of Tf-CBT (n = 76) or a WL (n = 83). The primary outcome was the CAPS-CA symptom score assessed at 4 months by blinded evaluators. The
secondary measures were diagnostic status, the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), self-reported and caregiver-reported PTSS (UCLA-PTSD
Reaction Index), the Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Screen for Child Anxiety-
Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18), and the Quality of Life Inventory for Children. Results: Intention-
to-treat analyses showed that Tf-CBT was significantly superior to WL on the CAPS-CA (Tf-CBT: baseline = 58.51 +/- 17.41; 4 months = 32.16 +/- 26.02;
WL: baseline = 57.39 +/- 16.05; 4 months = 43.29 +/- 25.2; F1, 157 = 12.3; p = 0.001; d = 0.50), in terms of secondary measures of the CGAS, UCLA-
PTSD-RI, CPTCI, CDI, SCARED, and CBCL/4-18, but not in terms of quality of life. Age and comorbidity significantly predicted treatment response.
Conclusions: Tf-CBT is effective for children and adolescents with heterogeneous trauma types in German service settings. Younger patients with fewer
comorbid disorders show most improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(3) : 159-
170
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-
CBT)
Hourani, L., Tueller, S., Kizakevich, P., Lewis, G., Strange, L., Weimer, B., Bryant, S., Bishop,
E., Hubal, R., Spira, J.
The objective of this pilot study was to design, develop, and evaluate a predeployment stress inoculation training
(PRESIT) preventive intervention to enable deploying personnel to cope better with combat-related stressors and mitigate the negative effects of
trauma exposure. The PRESIT program consisted of three predeployment training modules: (1) educational materials on combat and operational stress
control, (2) coping skills training involving focused and relaxation breathing exercises with biofeedback, and (3) exposure to a video multimedia
stressor environment to practice knowledge and skills learned in the first two modules. Heart rate variability assessed the degree to which a subset
of participants learned the coping skills. With a cluster randomized design, data from 351 Marines randomized into PRESIT and control groups were
collected at predeployment and from 259 of these who responded to surveys on return from deployment. Findings showed that the PRESIT group reduced
their physiological arousal through increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia during and after breathing training relative to controls. Logistic
regression, corrected for clustering at the platoon level, examined group effects on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as measured by the Post-
traumatic Stress Checklist after controlling for relevant covariates. Results showed that PRESIT protected against PTSD among Marines without
baseline mental health problems. Although limited by a small number of participants who screened positive for PTSD, this study supports the benefits
of PRESIT as a potential preventive strategy in the U.S. military personnel. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Military Medicine, 181(9) : 1151-1160
- Year: 2016
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Relaxation