Disorders - psychosis disorders
Killackey, E., Allott, K., Cotton, S., Chinnery, G., Jackson,
H.
Background: Young people with mental illness, especially those with firstepisode psychosis (FEP), nominate employment as a
number one goal. Despite this in most places, young people with psychosis have high rates of unemployment at entry to service and these rates
increase rapidly. Individual placement and support (IPS) is an employment intervention with a growing evidence base in FEP. Method: IPS was compared
to high-quality early psychosis treatment as usual (TAU) for 146 young people attending an FEP clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Assessments were
conducted a four time points baseline, 6 months (end of intervention) and 18 months. Results: The IPS group achieved higher employment and education
rates, although this was only significant for employment at 6 months end of intervention (71.6% vs 47.5%, p = 0.005). Interestingly, the control
group achieved outcomes that mimic IPS intervention groups in other RCTs. Results were maintained across the follow-up period with 52.5% and 64.2% in
the TAU and IPS groups, respectively. When education was factored in 75.4%, and 81.8% of the TAU and IPS groups, respectively, were either in
education, training or employment at 18 months. Conclusion : IPS produced a significant early benefit in terms of employment. This advantage was lost
over time, however. Overall, participants in both groups had outcomes significantly better than those in routine early psychosis settings and those
in non-specialised mental health settings.
Early Intervention in
Psychiatry, 8 : 152
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Individual placement and support (IPS), vocational
interventions
Killackey, E., Jackson, H., Allott, K., Cotton, S.
Background: Vocational recovery has been consistently shown to be a number-one priority of people with mental illness generally,
and schizophrenia and first episode psychosis (FEP) specifically. Two previous randomised controlled trials (RCT) demonstrated the benefit of an
employment intervention called Individual Placement and Support (IPS) for young people with FEP. The current study was conducted in order to examine
not only the vocational benefits of such an approach, but to study a wide range of predictors and consequences of vocational recovery in FEP Methods:
146 young people with FEP were recruited to a RCT of IPS versus treatment as usual at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC)
in Melbourne. Those randomised to IPS received 6 months of vocational intervention with a specialist employment consultant. Follow up assessments
occurred at 6, 12 and 18 months post baseline. The aims of this presentation will be to present the data pertaining to the vocational recovery at the
6 month time point of this study. Results: In terms of studying at the six month time point there was no difference between the two groups (?2
(1)=2.08, p=0.149), nor of the number currently in paid work on the day of assessment at 6 months. (?2(1)=3.42 p=0.065). However, when employment
over 6 months was compared there was a difference (?2(1)=5.74, p=0.017). Discussion: The preliminary results of this study indicate that IPS is
effective at getting people into employment.
Schizophrenia
Research, 153 : S282
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Individual placement and support (IPS), vocational
interventions
Klein,
C., Bespalov, A.
Introduction: Typical and atypical antipsychotics are efficacious treatments for early-onset schizophrenia
(EOS) with very subtle differences in their efficacy. Therefore, when choosing an antipsychotic, the side-effect profile of the individual
antipsychotic needs to be taken into account. There is a growing body of neurobiological and genetic evidence for early-onset patients, but these
findings have not yet translated into the clinic.Areas covered: The authors summarize the current treatment options for EOS and discuss the novel
treatment options that are under evaluation. The authors focus specifically on Phase II and Phase III clinical trials.Expert opinion: Currently,
there are no truly groundbreaking pharmacological treatment options emerging in EOS. There are several newer antipsychotic agents (iloperidone,
lurasidone, asenapine, blonanserin) that are currently in clinical trials. It is unclear whether therapeutic efficacy of any of these agents will be
superior or even similar to the existing treatment and the main differentiating factor between individual drugs remains to be their side-effect
profile. Beyond these antipsychotics, oxytocin and N-acetylcysteine are the only new pharmacological treatment options that are being evaluated in
EOS. Therefore, a major change in the treatment development paradigm is necessary to identify novel and efficacious drugs.
Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 23(11) : 1531-
1540
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation), Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids), Omega 3 fatty
acids (e.g. fish oil, flax oil)
Kuzmanovic, A., Zivkovic, N., Pavicevic, D., Djokic, G., Zoric, K.
Introduction: Good
response on treatment and stable remission are of great importance for patients in first episode of psychosis. According to literature 5-15%
schizophrenic patients experience an overall improvement greater than 50-60%, especially when receiving stable treatment with atypical antipsychotics
for more than one year. Such patients are considered as super-responders to a specific pharmacological treatment, since they may be well enough to be
employed, live independently, sustain long-term relationships, and form a family [1-3]. According to our knowledge there is no study in available
literature focusing on identification special characteristics of super-responders on antipsychotic treatment in non affective psychosis. Objective:
To explore and assess socio-demographic characteristics of super-responders on treatment with atypical antipsychotics (AAP). Methods: This
prospective clinical study included 146 drug naïve patients, between 18-55 years of age, with acute psychotic episode, that met the ICD-10 criteria
for first psychotic episode (F23). Patients were divided into five groups according to specific antipsychotic treatment: Haloperidol group (H) - 31
patients, Risperidone group (R) - 32 patients, Olanzapine group (O) - 33 patients, Clozapine group (C) - 32 patients and Quetiapine XR group (Q) - 18
patients. Inpatients and outpatients were observed for 12 months period, and antipsychotic treatment was assessed, according to specially designed
protocol which included: Positive and Negative Symptom Schedule Scale (PANSS) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Patients with PANSS score higher
than 95, and with SDS score higher than 15 were included in this study. After one year period percent of super-responders and demographic
characteristics of super-responders were determined. As super-responders we considered patients with more than 50% improvement in PANSS and SDS
score. Statistical analyses were made with SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Results: There were no significant statistical differences in pretrial scores
between groups for PANSS score and SDS score. There were significant statistical difference in PANSS score and SDS score reduction after 12 months in
all five groups (p<0.001). After one year period percent of super-responders was: 3.22% in H group, 12.5% in R group, 15.15% in O group, 27.5% in C
group and 22.2% in Q group. Overall percent of super-responders in all five groups was 15.75%. Overall percent of super-responders in four AAP groups
was 19.13%. There is statistically significant difference in the percentage of super-responders between atypical and typical antipsychotics, atypical
in favor. After one year of period super-responders were on maintenance doses of antipsychotics equivalent to 100 to 200 mg/day dose of
chlorpromazine. Demographic characteristics of super-responders were: mean age 25.21±7.22; 13% were male, 87% female; 4.35% were smokers, 95.65%
non-smokers; 8.7% had high school education, 91.3% were students or had faculty, 77.5% had stable relationship or was married. Conclusion:
Demographic characteristics of super-responders on treatment with atypical antipsychotics are: young patients, predominately female, non-smokers,
students or with bachelor/master degree, in stable relationship or married. Future studies should consider possible clinical predictors of super-
responders, such as rapid response to therapy, adverse events, compliance and insight.
European
Neuropsychopharmacology, 24 : S358
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Lin, J. J., Lee, H. M., Chan, K. W., Chang, W. C., Su, W., Honer, W. G., Khong, P. L., Tze, M., Chan, C. L. W., So, K. F., Chen, E. Y. H.
Background: Impairments of attention and memory are
detectable in early psychosis, and often result in severe, longstanding functional impairments. Pharmacological interventions for cognitive
impairments have been largely unsuccessful. The current study aims to explore the effects of aerobic exercise and mind-body exercise (yoga) on
cognitive functioning and clinical symptoms in female patients with early psychosis. The potential neuromechanism underlying the clinical
consequences was also investigated. Methods: Female patients (n=120) diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, brief psychosis, psychosis NOS,
or delusional disorder (according to SCID) were recruited from three hospital/clinic sites. They were randomized into integrated yoga therapy group,
aerobic exercise programme group and waiting list as the control group. Both interventions were held three times weekly. At baseline and at 12 weeks,
clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, quality of life and fitness levels were assessed in all participants and completed structural MRI data were
collected in 58 patients. Repeated measures ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses of the clinical, cognitive, quality of life and fitness data were compared
between baseline and at 12 weeks among the three groups. Post-hoc Bonferroni test was used for comparing between two groups. Structural MRI data was
analyzed by FreeSurfer V5.1 and Qdec V1.4 to calculate the brain volume and cortical thickness. Results: Completed clinical and cognitive data were
collected in 85 patients and completed MRI imaging data of good quality were collected in 39 patients. No significant differences in age, education
years, and duration of the illness at baseline were observed among the three groups. Both yoga and aerobic exercise groups demonstrated significant
improvements in verbal encoding (p<0.01), short-term memory (p<0.05), long-term memory (p<0.01), and working memory (p<0.01) with moderate to large
effect sizes compared to control groups. The yoga group showed significantly enhanced attention and concentration (p<0.05). Both yoga and aerobic
exercise significantly improved overall clinical symptoms (p<0.05) and depressive symptoms (p<0.05) after 12 weeks. Significant increases were
observed in the thickness of the left superior frontal gyrus and the right inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) in the aerobic exercise group.
Significant increases were observed in the volume of the postcentral gyrus and the posterior corpus callosum in the yoga group. There was a
statistically significant correlation between improvements in working memory and changes in the postcentral gyrus (r=0.54, p<0.01) after controlling
for the multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni adjusted alpha level. Discussion: Both types of exercise improved memory in early psychosis patients,
with yoga having a superior effect on attention than aerobic exercise. Observed increments in the cortical thicknesses and volume may indicate
improved neurogenesis.
Schizophrenia
Research, 153 : S260
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong), Physical activity, exercise
Liu, F., Guo, X., Wu, R., Ou, J., Zheng,
Y., Zhang, B., Xie, L., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Yang, S., Yang,
J., Ruan, Y., Zeng, Y., Xu, X., Zhao, J.
Background: It is difficult to improve
negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. A previous pilot study has shown that minocycline, a semi-synthetic second-generation
tetracycline, is effective in treating for negative and/or cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Objectives: The present study was designed to examine
the efficacy and safety of minocycline for the treatment of negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia. Methods:
Ninety-two patients with early stage schizophrenia treated with risperidone entered this 16-week, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive minocycline (200 mg per day) or the placebo. The primary outcome was evaluated using the
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Secondary outcomes included the response rate of SANS, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
(PANSS), the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), and cognitive tests. Results: Subjects receiving minocycline had greater improvements on SANS
total scores and PANSS negative subscale scores (P < 0.001) when compared with those receiving the placebo. Rates of treatment response (43.6%) in
the minocycline group were significantly higher than those in the placebo group (10.0%) after 16 weeks of treatment. There was no significant
difference between the seven cognitive domains (P > 0.05), except for the attention domain (P = 0.044). Conclusions: The addition of minocycline to
atypical antipsychotic drugs in early schizophrenia had significant efficacy on negative symptoms but had a slight effect on the attention domains of
patients with schizophrenia. It may be considered as a new adjunct treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).
Schizophrenia Research, 153(1-
3) : 169-176
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation), Other biological interventions
Liu, J., Sun, J., Shen, X., Guo, W., Zhi, S., Song, G., Xu, Q., Song, J.
Background: Increased serum prolactin and weight
gain are common side effects of atypical antipsychotics but few studies have assessed the long-term pattern of these adverse effects. Aim: Compare
the effects of risperidone and quetiapine on serum prolactin and weight over 12 months of treatment among female patients with first-episode
schizophrenia. Methods: Eighty female inpatients with first-episode schizophrenia were randomly assigned to receive risperidone (n = 40) or
quetiapine (n = 40) for 12 months. Prolactin concentration, weight and height were measured one day before starting treatment and 1,3, 6, 9 and 12
months after initiating treatment. Severity of symptoms was assessed at the same time periods using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
Results: Thirty-one patients in the risperidone group and 33 patients in the quetiapine group completed the 12 months of treatment. PANSS scores
decreased at each follow-up assessment for both groups; the improvement was significantly greater in the risperidone group after 3 months and 6
months of treatment but by the 9th month of treatment the level of improvement in the two groups was similar. In the quetiapine group serum prolactin
remained stable throughout the 12 months but in the risperidone group the serum prolactin level increased 3.5- to 5.2- fold over the one-year
follow-up. Weight gain was seen in both groups, particularly during the first 3 months of treatment: 62% of the increase in BMI in both groups had
occurred by the end of the 3rd month of treatment. No between-group differences in weight changes were observed. The correlation between changes in
weight and changes in prolactin levels were weakly positive: rs = 0.17 (p = 0.104) in the risperidone group and r = 0.07 (p = 0.862) in the
quetiapine group. Conclusions: Risperidone and quetiapine had similar efficacy in the first year of treatment of first-episode schizophrenia though
risperidone was more rapidly effective. Use of risperidone was associated with chronic hyperprolactinemia but this did not occur with quetiapine.
Long-term use of both drugs was associated with sustained weight gain; the timing and magnitude of the weight gain is similar for the two drugs.
Weight gain was not strongly related to changes in prolactin levels. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal
abstract).
Shanghai Archives of
Psychiatry, 26(2) : 88-94
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
McFarlane, W. R., Susser, E., McCleary, R., Verdi, M., Lynch, S., Williams, D., McKeague, I. W.
Objective: This study examined whether the incidence of hospitalization for psychosis was reduced by a
communitywide system of early identification and intervention to prevent onset of psychosis. Methods: The Portland Identification and Early Referral
program (PIER) was initiated in 2001. Youths and young adults ages 12-35 were identified by professionals in a wide variety of educational, health,
and mental health settings. PIER program staff assessed, confirmed risk of psychosis, and provided treatment for 24 months to eligible and consenting
young people (N=148). The monthly rate of first hospital admission for psychosis was the outcome measure for efficacy of identification and
intervention. Admission rates before and after the program began accepting referrals were compared, both in the experimental area (Greater Portland)
and in aggregated urban areas of Maine (control areas). Autoregressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) models were used to assess the effect.
Results: On the basis of ARIMA models, the rate of first hospital admission for psychosis decreased significantly by 26% (95% confidence interval
[CI]=-64% to -11%) in the Greater Portland area. The rate increased by 8% (CI=-5% to 36%) in the control areas. Taking into account the increase in
the control areas, the actual percentage reduction in Greater Portland during the intervention period was 34% (26% plus 8%). The reduction in
admissions was largest for individuals with nonaffective nonschizophrenic psychosis. Conclusions: PIER has demonstrated that populationwide early
identification is feasible. Preventive intervention can reduce rates of initial hospitalizations for psychosis in a midsized city.
Psychiatric Services, 65(10) : 1194-1200
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Hjorthoj, C. R., Baker, A., Fohlmann, A., Nordentoft, M
Introduction: Cannabis use disorders are highly
prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and other psychoses, and are probably associated with a range of poor outcomes. Several trials have been
conducted on this population, the results of which have been summarized in several systematic reviews but never in meta-analyses specifically
regarding cannabis use.; Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched using predefined
search terms. We included randomized trials of all types of interventions targeting cannabis use disorders in patients with schizophrenia spectrum
disorders. We extracted information on intervention types, efficacy, trial characteristics, and risk of bias.; Results: There was no evidence of an
effect on frequency of cannabis use, but intervention effects of motivational intervention with or without cognitive behavior therapy were observed
on quantity of use and on positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychosocial intervention did not have an appreciable effect on negative symptoms.
Longer interventions appear to be more efficacious, and efficacy may be better in trials with comparatively few women. Larger trials may be better at
establishing effects on positive symptoms.; Conclusion: Psychosocial interventions appear moderately efficacious in reducing quantity of cannabis-use
and positive symptoms.;
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(13) : 2205-
2211
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Psychological Interventions
(any)
Hutton, P., Taylor, P.
Background: Clinical equipoise
regarding preventative treatments for psychosis has encouraged the development and evaluation of psychosocial treatments, such as cognitive
behavioural therapy (CBT). Method: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, examining the evidence for the effectiveness of CBT-informed
treatment for preventing psychosis in people who are not taking antipsychotic medication, when compared to usual or non-specific control treatment.
Included studies had to meet basic quality criteria, such as concealed and random allocation to treatment groups. Results: Our search produced 1940
titles, out of which we found seven completed trials (six published). The relative risk (RR) of developing psychosis was reduced by more than 50% for
those receiving CBT at every time point [RR at 6 months 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-0.82, p = 0.008 (fixed-effects only: six randomized
controlled trials (RCTs), n = 800); RR at 12 months 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.73, p = 0.001 (six RCTs, n = 800); RR at 18-24 months 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.72,
p = 0.002 (four RCTs, n = 452)]. Heterogeneity was low in every analysis and the results were largely robust to the risk of an unpublished 12-month
study having unfavourable results. CBT was also associated with reduced subthreshold symptoms at 12 months, but not at 6 or 18-24 months. No effects
on functioning, symptom-related distress or quality of life were observed. CBT was not associated with increased rates of clinical depression or
social anxiety (two studies). Conclusions: CBT-informed treatment is associated with a reduced risk of transition to psychosis at 6, 12 and 18-24
months, and reduced symptoms at 12 months. Methodological limitations and recommendations for trial reporting are discussed. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).
Psychological Medicine, 44(3) : 449-468
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Karacetin, G.
Early onset schizophrenia is defined as the onset of
psychosis before the age of 18 years and very early-onset schizophrenia is a term used for cases developing before the age of 13 years. The aim of
this presentation is to review the recent studies related to treatment of childhood-onset schizophrenia. A computerized-aided literature search was
performed in PubMed database for recent studies that assessed the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of first-generation and second- and third-
generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. The main treatment modality in schizophrenia is pharmacological in both
children and adults. Antipsychotic drugs are the first-line of treatment and atypical antipsychotics should be preferred to typical antipsychotics as
they show at least the same efficacy and a better tolerability in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Recent randomized controlled trials have shown the
efficacy of some atypical antipsychotics in childhood-onset schizophrenia. As a result, aripiprazole, olanzapine, quetiapine, paliperidone and
risperidone have received formal indications for the treatment of schizophrenia between the ages of 13-17 years. The pediatric use of atypical
antipsychotic drugs has increased considerably over the past decade. Risperidone was the most often prescribed atypical antipsychotic in a
naturalistic longitudinal study of early-onset first psychotic episodes in children and adolescents, followed by quetiapine and olanzapine.
Clozapine, which is the prototype of the atypical antipsychotic class, is reserved for cases unresponsive or intolerant of other antipsychotics
because of the risk of serious side effects. Risperidone is associated with a higher frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms than other antipsychotics,
while olanzapine is associated with marked weight gain. Hyperprolactinemia and QTc interval prolongation are the other side effects that raise
concern for the clinical use of antipsychotics in children and adolescents. Early detection and treatment of childhood-onset schizophrenia may
improve outcomes of the disorder. Current data provides evidence for the effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotic use in children and
adolescents with schizophrenia. Although atypical antipsychotics are associated with a lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms, metabolic abnormalities
such as weight gain, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia require careful monitoring in children and adolescents. Antipsychotic drugs may also differ with
regard to their pharmacokinetics, which should be kept in mind for improving utilization of these drugs in children and adolescents.
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji
Bulteni, 24 : S43
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Desamericq, G., Schurhoff,
F., Meary, A., Szoke, A., Macquin-Mavier, I., Bachoud-Levi, A. C., Maison, P.
Purpose: Most schizophrenic patients have mild to moderate cognitive impairment in the early stages of
schizophrenia. The aim was to compare the long-term effects of various antipsychotic drugs on overall cognition and on specific cognitive domains in
patients with schizophrenia or related disorders. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials in which oral formulations
of second-generation antipsychotic drugs were compared head-to-head or against placebo or against haloperidol. Trials had to be of at least 6 months
duration to be included. We used a network meta-analysis to combine direct and indirect comparisons of the cognitive effects between antipsychotics.
Results: Nine studies were eligible. The median trial duration was 52 weeks. Quetiapine, olanzapine and risperidone had better effects on global
cognitive score than amisulpride (p < 0.05) and haloperidol (p < 0.05). When memory tasks were considered, ziprasidone had better effect than
amisulpride (0.28 [0.02-0.54]) and haloperidol (0.32 [0.09-0.55]). Quetiapine was better than other drugs (p < 0.001) on attention and processing
speed tasks, followed by ziprasidone (p < 0.05) and olanzapine (p < 0.05). The effects of quetiapine, risperidone and olanzapine were better than
those of amisulpride (p < 0.05) on executive functions. Conclusions: Our results suggest differences between antipsychotics in their effect on the
overall cognitive score in schizophrenia. Quetiapine and olanzapine had the most positive effects, followed by risperidone, ziprasidone, amisulpride
and haloperidol in that order. Significant differences were also observed according to specific cognitive tasks. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
European Journal of
Clinical Pharmacology, 70(2) : 127-134
- Year: 2014
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)