Disorders - Psychosis Disorders
Agid, O., Schulze, L., Arenovich, T., Sajeev, G., McDonald, K., Foussias, G., Fervaha, G., Remington, G.
Clinicians treating schizophrenia routinely employ high doses and/or antipsychotic switching to achieve response. However, little is
actually known regarding the value of these interventions in early schizophrenia. Data were gathered from a treatment algorithm implemented in
patients with first-episode schizophrenia that employs two antipsychotic trials at increasing doses before clozapine. Patients were initially treated
with either olanzapine or risperidone across three dose ranges, (low, full, high), and in the case of suboptimal response were switched to the
alternate antipsychotic. We were interested in the value of (a) high dose treatment and (b) antipsychotic switching. A total of 244 patients were
evaluated, with 74.5% (184/244) responsive to Trial 1, and only 16.7% (10/60) responsive to Trial 2. Percentage of response for subjects switched
from olanzapine to risperidone was 4.0% (1/25) vs. 25.7% (9/35) for those switched from risperidone to olanzapine. High doses yielded a 15.5%
response (14.6% for risperidone vs. 16.7% for olanzapine).The present findings concur with other research indicating that response rate to the
initial antipsychotic trial in first-episode schizophrenia is robust; thereafter it declines notably. In general, the proportion of responders to
antipsychotic switching and high dose interventions was low. For both strategies olanzapine proved superior to risperidone, particularly in the case
of antipsychotic switching (i.e. risperidone to olanzapine vs. vice versa). It remains to be established whether further antipsychotic trials are
associated with even greater decrements in rate of response. Findings underscore the importance of moving to clozapine when treatment resistance has
been established. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP.
European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(9) : 1017-
1022
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Chang, W.
C., Chan, H. K., Jim, T. T., Wong, H. Y., Hui, L. M., Chan, K. W., Lee, H. M., Chen, Y. H.
Background: Literature indicated superior efficacy of early intervention (EI) over standard care (SC) on illness
outcome of first-episode psychosis. Yet, optimal duration of EI treatment remains unclear with recent findings suggesting that beneficial effects
could not be sustained after discharge from EI program. Methods: Randomized controlled trial was conducted evaluating the efficacy of 1-year extended
case management (CM). One hundred sixty patients who had received 2-year specialized EI service (i.e., EASY: Early Assessment Service for Young
people with psychosis which is a territory-wide, governmentfunded EI program for individuals aged 15-25 years presenting with firts-episode psychosis
in Hong Kong) were recruited. Subjects were randomized to either CM or SC. Symptom and functional outcomes between two treatment groups were compared
at 1-year follow-up. Results: No significant differences between two treatment groups (CM:n = 79 SC:n = 77) were observed in socio-demographic,
duration of untreated psychosis, premorbid adjustment and baseline characteristics. At 1-year follow-up, subjects in CM group had significantly fewer
negative (PAN SS; t = 2.7,p <0.05) and depressive symptoms (CDS; t = 2.8,p = 0.05) than those in SC group. Patients in CM group also had
significantly better overall functioning (SOFAS; t = -3.4;p = 0.01), and achieved higher scores on individual domains of RFS including work
productivity (t = 2.0, p <0.05), self-care (t = -2.2,p <0.05), immediate (t = -3.2,p <0.01) and extended social functioning (t = -2.9,p <0.01). The
two groupds did not differ in relapse and admission rates over 1-year study period. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that 1-year extended
specialized case management was more efficacious than standard care in improving clinical and functional outcomes of patients who had received 2-year
EI service for psychosis.Further research is required to determine the cost-effectiveness and the longerterm effects of this extended EI service.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39 : S324-
S325
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Case management
Ayesa-
Arriola, R., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. M., Perez-Iglesias, R., Roiz-Santianez, R., Martinez-Garcia, O., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Crespo-Facorro, B.
Introduction: The initially postulated superior neurocognitive effectiveness of
second-generation antipsychotics is currently under debate. Methods: A prospective, randomized, open-label study was carried out to compare the
long-term neurocognitive effectiveness of haloperidol, olanzapine, and risperidone in the first episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A final
sample of 79 patients randomized to haloperidol (N = 28), olanzapine (N = 23), or risperidone (N = 28) who completed clinical and cognitive
evaluations at baseline and 3-year follow-up was included in the final analysis. Forty-one healthy individuals were also included in the final
analysis. The main outcome measure was cognitive changes at 3-year follow-up. Due to the fact that some of the patients had switched their initially
prescribed antipsychotic medication during the course of the study (6 out of 28 in haloperidol group, 18 out of 23 in olanzapine group, and 24 out of
28 in risperidone group continued with the initial study drug at 3-year assessment), we have also conducted a per protocol analysis. Results:
Overall, cognitive changes were similar in the three treatment groups and controls, although a greater improvement in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning
Test, Digit Symbol, and Iowa Gambling Test was found in the treatment groups. The better performance observed on Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
and Digit Symbol in olanzapine treatment group was likely explained by the lower prevalence of use of antimuscarinic drugs. These results were
essentially similar to those found in the intention-to-treat analysis. Conclusions: The major conclusion of this study is that haloperidol,
olanzapine, and risperidone have not demonstrated substantial neurocognitive effectiveness, improving cognitive deficits present in the early phases
of the illness. The study also underscores the importance of exploring new drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairments and associated functional
disabilities in schizophrenia. (copyright) 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Psychopharmacology, 227(4) : 615-
625
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Bartholomeusz, C. F., Allott, K., Killackey, E., Liu, P., Wood, S. J., Thompson, A.
Background: Social cognitive deficits have a detrimental effect on social and role functioning at both early and late stages
of psychotic illness. Aim: To assess the feasibility of social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods: A
total of 12 FEP participants were sequentially allocated to one of two SCIT groups, each of which met once per week for 10 consecutive weeks. Social
cognition and functioning was assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Results: SCIT was well-tolerated and retention was good. FEP participants
improved significantly on measures of emotion recognition and social and occupational functioning. Conclusions: This study extends previous research
by applying SCIT early in the course of illness, with the rationale that there is greater brain plasticity in this developmental phase of life, and
greater scope to reduce or prevent disability. Results suggest SCIT is acceptable to and potentially helpful for this young population, thus a large
randomized controlled trial is warranted. (copyright) 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.
Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(4) : 421-426
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Bartzokis, G., Lu, P. H., Couvrette, A. J., Raven, E. P., DeTore, N. R., Kirkpatrick, C. J., Finn, J. P., Villablanca, P., L-Altshuler,
L., Mintz, J., Ventura, J., Casaus, L. R., Luo, J. S., Subotnik, K.
L., Nuechterlein, K. H.
Background: Post-mortem and imaging studies suggest that early in the treatment of schizophrenia (SZ), antipsychotics
increase myelination and specifically intracortical myelin (ICM). We used MRI to examine whether in SZ, the ICM trajectory is dysregulated, altered
by oral antipsychotics, associated with cognitive performance, and whether antipsychotic formulation can modify the ICM trajectory. Methods: Frontal
lobe ICM volume was estimated using a novel dual contrast MRI method. Study 1: Seventy-one male SZ subjects taking oral antipsychotics whose
medication exposures ranged from 0-333 months were examined in conjunction with 57 healthy male controls (HCs). Study 2: Six-month randomized trial
of risperidone long acting injectable (RLAI, N = 9) versus oral risperidone (RisO, N = 13) in first-episode SZ subjects. Results: Study 1: When
plotted against medication exposure, the ICM trajectory of SZ subjects was highly quadratic, significantly increasing during the first treatment year
and significantly decreased thereafter such that by middle age, the ICM levels of SZ subjects were similar to HCs in their 80s. Cognitive scores were
associated with ICM volume. Study 2: Compared to healthy controls, ICM volume increased significantly (p = .005) in the RLAI and non-significantly (p
= .39) in the RisO groups. SZ subjects receiving RLAI had better medication adherence and more ICM increases (chi-square p <.05). Conclusion: Oral
antipsychotic treatment increased ICM during the first year of treatment followed by declining ICM despite continued treatment. This ICM trajectory
resembles antipsychotic response trajectory with high rates of remission in the first year followed by progressively lower response rates. Better
adherence and/or pharmacokinetics provided by RLAI may modify this ICM trajectory, possibly through delivering continuous inhibition of the
constitutively active enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Dopamine and serotonin receptor blockade provided by antipsychotics inhibit GSK3 and
promote myelination. The results support post-mortem evidence that SZ pathophysiology involves ICM deficits and suggest that correction of these
deficits through GSK3 inhibition may be a shared mechanism of action of antipsychotics.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39 : S322
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Amr,
M., Lakhan, S. E., Sanhan, S., Al-Rhaddad, D., Hassan, M., Thiabh, M., Shams, T.
Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease
of global importance. The second-generation antipsychotic quetiapine has a favorable side-effect profile, however, its clinical effectiveness has
been called into question when compared with first-generation antipsychotics such as haloperidol. This study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability
of quetiapine versus haloperidol for first-episode schizophrenia in the outpatient setting. Methods. 156 adult patients with first-episode
schizophrenia participated in an outpatient clinical trial and were randomized to quetiapine (200 mg/d; n = 78) or haloperidol (5 mg/d; n = 78). The
study medications were titrated to a mean daily dose of 705 mg for quetiapeine and 14 mg for haloperidol. The patients were assessed at baseline, six
weeks, and twelve weeks. The primary outcome measures were positive and negative scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
Secondary measures were Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale for overall psychosocial functioning, and Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) for extra-
pyramidal symptoms. Results: At twelve weeks, the quetiapine group had a greater decrease in PANSS positive (18.9 vs. 15.3, p = 0.013) and negative
scores (15.5 vs. 11.6, p = 0.012), however, haloperidol showed a greater decrease in general psychopathology score (23.8 vs. 27.7, p = 0.012). No
significant difference between groups were found for total PANSS (58.3 vs. 54.8, p = 0.24) and GAF (45.7 vs. 46.2, p = 0.79).ANOVA identified
significant group interactions on PANSS positive (F = 18.72, df = 1.6,52.4, p < 0.0001), negative (F = 5.20, df = 1.1,35.7, p < 0.0001),
depression/anxiety (F = 106.49, df = 1.14,37.8, p < 0.0001), and total scores (F = 7.51, df = 1.4,45.6, p = 0.001).SAS (8.62 vs. 0.26, p < 0.0001)
and adverse events of akathisia (78% vs. 0%, p = 0.000), parkinsonism (66.6% vs. 0%, p < 0.0001), and fatigue (84.6% vs. 66.6%, p = 0.009) were
greater in haloperidol compared to quetiapine, whereas headache was more common in quetiapine treated patients (11.5% vs. 35.9%, p < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Quetiapine has greater efficacy for positive and negative symptoms with less extra-pyramidal symptoms than haloperidol when used for
first-episode schizophrenia in the outpatient setting. (copyright) 2013 Amr et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
International Archives of Medicine, 6(1) :
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Amminger, G. P., Chanen, A. M., Ohmann, S., Klier, C. M., Mossaheb, N., Bechdolf, A., Nelson, B., Thompson, A., McGorry, P. D., Yung, A. R., Schafer, M. R.
Objective: To investigate whether long-chain omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve functioning and psychiatric
symptoms in young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who also meet ultra-high risk criteria for psychosis. Methods: We conducted a
post hoc subgroup analysis of a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Fifteen adolescents with BPD (mean age 16.2 years, [SD 2.1]) were
randomized to either 1.2 g/day n-3 PUFAs or placebo. The intervention period was 12 weeks. Study measures included the Positive and Negative Syndrome
Scale, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning. Side effects were documented with the Udvalg for
Kliniske Undersogelser. Fatty acids in erythrocytes were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography. Results: At baseline, erythrocyte n-3 PUFA
levels correlated positively with psychosocial functioning and negatively with psychopathology. By the end of the intervention, n-3 PUFAs
significantly improved functioning and reduced psychiatric symptoms, compared with placebo. Side effects did not differ between the treatment groups.
Conclusions: Long-chain n-3 PUFAs should be further explored as a viable treatment strategy with minimal associated risk in young people with
BPD.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7) : 402-
408
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids), Omega 3 fatty
acids (e.g. fish oil, flax oil)
Allott, K. A., Cotton, S. M., Chinnery, G. L., Baksheev, G. N., Massey, J., Sun, P., Collins, Z., Barlow, E., Broussard, C., Wahid, T., Proffitt, T. M., Jackson, H. J., Killackey, E.
Aims: To examine whether baseline neurocognition and social cognition predict vocational
outcomes over 6. months in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of Individual Placement and Support
(IPS) versus treatment as usual (TAU). Methods: 135 FEP participants (IPS n= 69; TAU n= 66) completed a comprehensive neurocognitive and social
cognitive battery. Principal axis factor analysis using PROMAX rotation was used to determine the underlying cognitive structure of the battery.
Setwise (hierarchical) logistic and multivariate linear regressions were used to examine predictors of: (a) enrolment in education and employment;
and (b) hours of employment over 6. months. Neurocognition and social cognition factors were entered into the models after accounting for premorbid
IQ, baseline functioning and treatment group. Results: Six cognitive factors were extracted: (i) social cognition; (ii) information processing speed;
(iii) verbal learning and memory; (iv) attention and working memory; (v) visual organisation and memory; and (vi) verbal comprehension. Enrolment in
education over 6. months was predicted by enrolment in education at baseline (p= .002) and poorer visual organisation and memory (p= .024).
Employment over 6. months was predicted by employment at baseline (p= .041) and receiving IPS (p= .020). Better visual organisation and memory
predicted total hours of paid work over 6. months (p< .001). Conclusions: Visual organisation and memory predicted the enrolment in education and
duration of employment, after accounting for premorbid IQ, baseline functioning and treatment. Social cognition did not contribute to the prediction
of vocational outcomes. Neurocognitive interventions may enhance employment duration in FEP. (copyright) 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Schizophrenia Research, 150(1) : 136-
143
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Individual placement and support (IPS), vocational
interventions
Armijo, J., Mendez, E., Morales, R., Schilling, S., Castro, A., Alvarado,
R., Rojas, G.
Background: In Chile, the clinical guidelines \"for the
treatment of people from first episode of schizophrenia\" aim to support individuals with schizophrenia to live independently, establishment
occupational goals, and gain an adequate quality of life and social interaction. This requires the implementation of a treatment model that
integrates psychosocial and pharmacological dimensions. Community intervention strategies ensure the achievement of these goals. Objectives: This
study compiles and synthesizes available scientific evidence from the last 14 years on the effectiveness of community intervention strategies for
schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Methodology: An electronic search was carried out using PUBMED, LILACS, and Science Direct as
databases. Criteria of inclusion: (i) randomized clinical trials, (ii) Community-based interventions, (iii) diagnosis of schizophrenia or related
psychotic disorder (section F2 of ICD-10). Exclusion Criteria: (i) treatments exclusively pharmacological, (ii) interventions carried out in
inpatient settings, (iii) bipolar affective disorder or substance-induced psychosis (greater than 50% of sample). Results: Sixty-six articles were
reviewed. Community strategies for integrated treatment from the first outbreak of schizophrenia significantly reduced negative and psychotic
symptoms, days of hospitalization, and comorbidity with substance abuse and improved global functioning and adherence to treatment. In other stages,
there were improved outcomes in negative and positive symptoms and general psychopathology. Psychoeducation for patients and families reduced the
levels of self-stigma and domestic abuse, as well as improved knowledge of the disease and treatment adherence. Training focused on cognitive,
social, and labor skills has been shown to improve yields in social functioning and employment status. Conclusion: Community-based intervention
strategies are widely supported in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. (copyright) 2013 Armijo, Mendez, Morales, Schilling, Castro,
Alvarado and Rojas.
Frontiers in
Psychiatry, 4(OCT) :
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement
Chien, W. T., Chan, S.
W. C.
Background: Positive effects on the relapse from illness and compliance with medication by patients have been observed from family
intervention for schizophrenia. However, little attention has been paid to the effects on family members, particularly those in non-Western
countries. Inconsistent and inconclusive findings were found on the family-related outcomes and longer-term effects of family intervention.;
Objective: This study tested the effects of a nine-month family-led mutual support group for Chinese people with schizophrenia, compared with a
psycho-education group and standard psychiatric care over a 24-month follow-up.; Design: A randomised controlled trial [registered with
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00940394)] with repeated-measures, three-group design.; Settings: Two regional psychiatric outpatient clinics in Hong Kong.;
Participants: One hundred and thirty-five Chinese family caregivers and their patients with schizophrenia were randomly recruited, of whom 45 family
dyads received family-led mutual support group, a psycho-education group, or standard care.; Methods: After completing the pre-test questionnaire,
the participants were randomly assigned into one of the three study groups. The mutual support and psycho-education groups comprised 14 two-hour
group sessions, with patients participating in at least 5 sessions. Those in standard care (and two treatment groups) received routine psychiatric
care. Multiple patient and family-related psychosocial outcomes were compared at recruitment and at one week, 12 months, and 24 months following
interventions.; Results: One hundred and twenty-six of 135 family dyads completed the three post-tests and 43 (95.6%) attended at least nine group
sessions (60%) of the mutual support group programme. Mean ages of the family caregivers in the study ranged from 41.2 (SD=7.0) to 42.7 (SD=7.6)
years. About two-thirds of the caregivers were male and patients' parent or spouse. The results of multivariate analysis of variance followed by
Helmert contrasts tests indicated that the participants in the mutual support group indicated significantly greater improvement in family and patient
functioning [F(2, 132)=5.40, p=0.005 and F(2, 132)=6.88, p=0.001, respectively] and social support for families [F(2, 131)=5.01, p=0.005], and in
reducing patients' symptom severity [F(2, 132)=4.65, p=0.01] and length of re-hospitalisations [F(2, 132)=4.78, p=0.01] at 12- and 24-month follow-
ups.; Conclusions: Family-led mutual support group for schizophrenia produces longer-term benefits to both the patients' and families' functioning
and relapse prevention for patients, compared with psycho-education and standard care. This group programme can be an effective family intervention
for Chinese people with schizophrenia.; Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(10) : 1326-
1340
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Supportive
therapy
Chien, W. T., Yip, A. L. K.
During the last three decades, an increasing understanding of the etiology, psychopathology, and clinical manifestations of schizophrenia
spectrum disorders, in addition to the introduction of second-generation antipsychotics, has optimized the potential for recovery from the illness.
Continued development of various models of psychosocial intervention promotes the goal of schizophrenia treatment from one of symptom control and
social adaptation to an optimal restoration of functioning and/or recovery. However, it is still questionable whether these new treatment approaches
can address the patients' needs for treatment and services and contribute to better patient outcomes. This article provides an overview of different
treatment approaches currently used in schizophrenia spectrum disorders to address complex health problems and a wide range of abnormalities and
impairments resulting from the illness. There are different treatment strategies and targets for patients at different stages of the illness, ranging
from prophylactic antipsychotics and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the premorbid stage to various psychosocial interventions in addition to
antipsychotics for relapse prevention and rehabilitation in the later stages of the illness. The use of antipsychotics alone as the main treatment
modality may be limited not only in being unable to tackle the frequently occurring negative symptoms and cognitive impairments but also in producing
a wide variety of adverse effects to the body or organ functioning. Because of varied pharmacokinetics and treatment responsiveness across agents,
the medication regimen should be determined on an individual basis to ensure an optimal effect in its long-term use. This review also highlights that
the recent practice guidelines and standards have recommended that a combination of treatment modalities be adopted to meet the complex health needs
of people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In view of the heterogeneity of the risk factors and the illness progression of individual patients,
the use of multifaceted illness management programs consisting of different combinations of physical, psychological, and social interventions might
be efficient and effective in improving recovery. (copyright) 2013 Chien and Yip. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Ltd.
Neuropsychiatric Disease & Treatment, 9 : 1311-1332
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), First episode (psychosis only)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Typical Antipsychotics (first generation), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)
Barlati, S., Deste, G., DePeri, L., Ariu, C., Vita, A.
Objectives. This study is aimed to review the current scientific literature on cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. In particular, the
main structured protocols of cognitive remediation developed for schizophrenia are presented and the main results reported in recent meta-analyses
are summarized. Possible benefits of cognitive remediation in the early course of schizophrenia and in subjects at risk for psychosis are also
discussed. Methods. Electronic search of the relevant studies which appeared in the PubMed database until April 2013 has been performed and all the
meta-analyses and review articles on cognitive remediation in schizophrenia have been also taken into account. Results. Numerous intervention
programs have been designed, applied, and evaluated, with the objective of improving cognition and social functioning in schizophrenia. Several
quantitative reviews have established that cognitive remediation is effective in reducing cognitive deficits and in improving functional outcome of
the disorder. Furthermore, the studies available support the usefulness of cognitive remediation when applied in the early course of schizophrenia
and even in subjects at risk of the disease. Conclusions. Cognitive remediation is a promising approach to improve real-world functioning in
schizophrenia and should be considered a key strategy for early intervention in the psychoses. (copyright) 2013 Stefano Barlati et al.
Schizophrenia Research & Treatment, :
- Year: 2013
- Problem: Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive remediation
therapy