Disorders - Eating Disorders
Borden, A., Cook-Cottone, C.
Yoga is frequently used in conjunction
with standard treatment approaches for eating disorders. However, yoga's efficacy and effectiveness in preventing and treating eating disorders has
remained unclear. The aim of this comprehensive review and meta-analysis is to review the extant literature and assess the effects of yoga in the
prevention and intervention of eating disorder symptoms and correlates in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Studies assessing yoga and its
effect on eating disorder symptoms and/or body image as related to disordered eating, were eligible for inclusion. The comprehensive review details
correlational, non-controlled, non-randomized controlled, and yoga comparison studies. For the meta-analysis, only randomized controlled trials
comparing a yoga-based intervention to a non-yoga control group were included. In total, 43 studies are included in this review, with 11 trials
involving 754 participants included in the meta-analysis. Results of the comprehensive review and meta-analyses results indicated yoga interventions
demonstrated a small, significant effect on global eating disorder psychopathology, a moderate-to-large effect on binge eating and bulimia, and a
small effect on body image concerns, as compared to the control conditions. There was no statistically significant effect on dietary restraint in
either direction. Additionally, results indicated a small-to-moderate effect on a composite measure of eating disorder-related constructs. These
findings suggest that yoga-based interventions may be an effective approach supporting the prevention and treatment of eating disorders.
Brunner-Mazel Eating
Disorders Monograph Series, 28(4) : 400-437
- Year: 2020
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong)
Hamulka, J., Wadolowska, L., Kowalkowska, J., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., Frackiewicz, J., Gutkowska, K.
The sustainability of education focused on improving teenagers' attitudes toward
nutrition from a longer-term perspective has not yet been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to determine the sustainability of attitudes
toward nutrition after 3 and 9 months among Polish teenagers in a follow-up study. An education-based intervention study was carried out among 464
Polish teenagers aged 11-12 years (educated/control group: 319/145). In the educated group, a multicomponent, school-based education program lasting
three weeks and covering five diet-related and lifestyle-related topics was implemented. Attitudes toward nutrition were determined with a shorter
version (TFEQ10; 10 statements) of a three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ13) dedicated to school-aged adolescents, where three subscales were
developed: Emotional Eating (EE: 2 statements, 0-6 points), Uncontrolled Eating (UE: 5 statements, 0-15 points), and Cognitive Restraint of Eating
(CRE: 3 statements, 0-9 points). The data was collected 3 times: (i) before education (at baseline), (ii) after 3 months to measure the short-term
effect of education, (iii) after 9 months to measure the mediumterm effect of education. Differences between groups (educated vs. control or baseline
vs. follow-up) were verified with the Mann- Whitney test. At the baseline, the mean values for all three scales were not significantly different
between educated and control groups, calculated separately for boys and girls as well as for normal or overweight/obese teenagers, with the exception
for Emotional Eating in the total sample and normal weight students. After 3-month follow-up, the mean values decreased in an educated group for all
three subscales, for the total sample (EE: 1.3 vs 1.2; UE: 5.2 vs 4.7; CRE: 4.2 vs 4.0), for both sexes, and both body weight subpopulations, while
increased or remained on the same level in control group (for total sample EE: 1.5 vs 1.6; UE: 5.6 vs 5.8; CRE: 4.1 vs 4.2). After 9 months, in the
educated group, the means slightly increased when compared to the means after 3 months, but were still lower than those at the baseline. This study
has shown that nutritional education of teenagers 11-12 years gives a long-lasting effect of attitudes toward nutrition (Emotional Eating and
Uncontrolled Eating) visible after 3 months, and to a less extent after 9 months. We suppose, that improvement of the attitudes toward nutrition in
teenagers, education programs should be regularly conducted and addressed not only to children but also to the adults responsible for children's
nutrition.
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Conference: 13th European Nutrition Conference,
FENS, 79(OCE2) :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Amaral, A. C. S., Stice, E., Ferreira, M.
E. C.
Background: Given that most young women with eating disorders do
not receive treatment, implementing effective prevention programs is a public health priority. The Body Project is a group-based eating disorder
prevention program with evidence of both efficacy and effectiveness. This trial evaluated the efficacy of this prevention program with Brazilian
girls, as no published study has tested whether this intervention is culturally sensitive and efficacious with Latin-American adolescents. Methods:
Female students were allocated to a dissonance-based intervention (n = 40) or assessment-only (n = 22) condition. The intervention was a dissonance-
based program, consisted of four group sessions aimed to reduce thin-ideal internalization. The sessions included verbal, written, and behavioral
exercises. The intervention group was evaluated at pretest and posttest; assessment-only controls completed measures at parallel times. Results:
Compared to assessment-only controls, intervention participants showed a significantly greater reduction in body dissatisfaction, sociocultural
influence of the media, depressive symptoms, negative affect, as well as significantly greater increases in body appreciation. There were no
significant effects for disordered eating attitudes and eating disorder symptoms. Conclusions: These results suggest that this dissonance-based
eating disorder prevention program was culturally sensitive, or at least culturally adaptive, and efficacious with Brazilian female adolescents.
Indeed, the average effect size was slightly larger than has been observed in the large efficacy trial of this prevention program and in recent
meta-analytic reviews. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Psicologia: Reflexao
e Critica Vol 32 2019, ArtID 13, 32 :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive dissonance
therapy
Buerger, A., Ernst, V., Wolter, V., Huss, M., Kaess, M., Hammerle, F.
Eating disorders are difficult to treat and often associated with morbidity and mortality. Universal prevention
approaches are increasingly focusing on enhancing skills, but few eating disorder programs are available for under-15-year-olds. This study aimed to
develop and examine a school-based universal prevention program ('MaiStep') for adolescent boys and girls. A three-arm randomized controlled trial
with baseline, post-intervention and 12-month follow-up was conducted with 1654 adolescents (M = 13.35, SD 0.76). 'MaiStep' was delivered by
psychologists in the first intervention group (IG1) and teachers in the second intervention group (IG2), and compared to an active control group
(ACG). Primary outcomes were eating disorder-related risk factors measured with scales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (e.g. 'drive for
thinness', 'interoceptive awareness'), cognitions and affect related to the body (Body Shape Questionnaire, BSQ-8), and behaviors (Body Image
Avoidance Questionnaire, BIAQ). The total sample (N1) was divided into a healthy subsample (N2) and a sample fulfilling DSM-5 criteria for a
subthreshold eating disorder (N3) measured with the self-report Structured Inventory for Anorexic and Bulimic Syndromes (SIAB-S). Significant
improvements in 'interoceptive awareness' (EDI-2) and lower BIAQ scores emerged in N1 at post-intervention and at 12-month follow-up (F(4; 3038) =
3.068, p =.016, etapart 2 = 0.004 and F(4; 2900) = 2.993, p =.018, etapart 2 = 0.004) and in N2 at post-
intervention and at 12-month follow-up (F(4; 2812) = 3.147, p =.014, etapart 2 = 0.004 and F(4; 2684) = 3.674, p =.005,
etapart 2 = 0.005). The healthy subsample N2 additionally showed significantly lower scores on 'drive for thinness' (EDI-2)
and on the BSQ-8c at post-intervention (F(2; 1446) = 3.091, p =.046, etapart 2 = 0.004 and F(2; 1453) = 3.505, p =.030,
etapart 2 = 0.005) but not at 12-month follow-up. No significant results emerged for N3. The positive findings of improved
'interoceptive awareness' (EDI-2) and reduced body image avoidance (BIAQ) indicate that broad disseminated universal prevention under the age of 15
is possible. Trial registration MaiStep is registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00005050). Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
Preventive Medicine, 123 : 324-
332
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Stice, E., Rohde, P., Shaw, H., Gau, J.
M.
OBJECTIVE: This report evaluates a dissonance-based group eating disorder
treatment designed to be a cost-effective front-line transdiagnostic treatment that could be more widely implemented than extant treatments that are
more intensive and expensive relative to a supportive mindfulness group treatment typical of that offered at colleges.\rMETHOD: Young women with
eating disorders (N = 84) were randomized to 8-week dissonance-based Body Project treatment (BPT) or supportive mindfulness treatment, completing
diagnostic interviews and questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and 6-month follow up.\rRESULTS: Regarding primary outcomes, by 6-month follow up 77%
of BPT participants no longer met diagnosis for an eating disorder versus 60% of supportive mindfulness participants (relative risk ratio = 2.22; 95%
CI [1.01, 4.93]), though groups did not differ on eating disorder symptom change. Regarding secondary outcomes, BPT versus supportive mindfulness
participants showed significantly lower dissonance about affirming the thin ideal at posttest and 6-month follow up (d = .38 and .32), body
dissatisfaction at posttest and 6-month follow up (d = .62 and .62), negative affect at posttest and 6-month follow up (d = .49 and .48), and
functional impairment (d = .36) at 6-month follow up; differences in thin-ideal internalization and abstinence from binge eating and compensatory
behaviors were not significant.\rCONCLUSIONS: Whereas both treatments appeared effective, BPT produced larger effects and significantly greater
remission of eating disorder diagnoses than a credible alternative treatment, which is very rare for trials that have compared active eating disorder
treatments. Results suggest it would be useful to refine BPT and conduct target engagement research and efficacy trials. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 87(1) : 79-
90
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Supportive
therapy, Mindfulness based
therapy, Cognitive dissonance
therapy
Stice, E., Marti, C. N., Shaw, H., Rohde, P.
Many trials
have provided support for dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs. This meta-analytic review characterized the average intervention
effects and tested whether various intervention, participant, and facilitator features correlated with larger effects to guide implementation of
optimally effective versions of this program. We identified 56 trials that evaluated 68 dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs (7808
participants). Average intervention effect sizes (d) relative to minimal intervention control conditions and credible alternative interventions
(respectively) were 0.57 and 0.31 for thin-ideal internalization, 0.42 and 0.18 for body dissatisfaction, 0.37 and 0.17 for dieting, 0.29 and 0.21
for negative affect, and 0.31 and 0.13 for eating disorder symptoms. As hypothesized, effects were larger for interventions with more dissonance-
inducing activities, more group sessions, and larger group sizes, as well as when delivered in-person versus on-line, sessions were recorded,
participation was voluntary, body dissatisfaction was required, participants were mid-adolescents or adults (versus older adolescence), there were
more ethnic minority participants, groups were led by clinicians versus researchers and at least two facilitators, and when facilitators received
more training and supervision. Unexpectedly from a dissonance-induction perspective, effects were larger when participants were compensated. Results
offer directions for maximizing the benefits of implementation efforts with dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs, and may hold
lessons for preventing other public health problems with dissonance-based interventions. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Clinical Psychology
Review, 70 : 91-107
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive dissonance
therapy, Technology, comparing delivery mode (e.g. online vs. face-to-face)
Harrer, M., Adam, S. H., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P., Karyotaki, E., Auerbach, R. P., Kessler, R.
C., Bruffaerts, R., Berking,
M., Ebert, D. D.
OBJECTIVES: Mental health disorders are
highly prevalent among university students. Universities could be an optimal setting to provide evidence-based care through the Internet. As part of
the World Mental Health International College Student initiative, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes data on the efficacy of
Internet-based interventions for university students' mental health. METHOD(S): A systematic literature search of bibliographical databases
(CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO) for randomized trials examining psychological interventions for the mental health (depression, anxiety, stress,
sleep problems, and eating disorder symptoms), well-being, and functioning of university students was performed through April 30, 2018. RESULT(S):
Forty-eight studies were included. Twenty-three studies (48%) were rated to have low risk of bias. Small intervention effects were found on
depression (g = 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.08, 0.27]), anxiety (g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.13, 0.40]), and stress (g = 0.20, 95% CI [0.02, 0.38]).
Moderate effects were found on eating disorder symptoms (g = 0.52, 95% CI [0.22-0.83]) and role functioning (g = 0.41, 95% CI [0.26, 0.56]). Effects
on well-being were non-significant (g = 0.15, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.50]). Heterogeneity was moderate to substantial in many analyses. After adjusting for
publication bias, effects on anxiety were not significant anymore. DISCUSSION: Internet interventions for university students' mental health can
have significant small-to-moderate effects on a range of conditions. However, more research is needed to determine student subsets for which
Internet-based interventions are most effective and to explore ways to increase treatment effectiveness. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International journal of methods in psychiatric
research, 28(2) : e1759
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders, Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Hay, P. J., Touyz, S., Claudino, A. M., Lujic, S., Smith, C.
A., Madden, S.
Background: Clinical
guidelines recommend outpatient care for the majority of people with an eating disorder. The optimal use of inpatient treatment or combination of
inpatient and partial hospital care is disputed and practice varies widely. Objective(s): To assess the effects of treatment setting (inpatient,
partial hospitalisation, or outpatient) on the reduction of symptoms and increase in remission rates in people with: 1. Anorexia nervosa and atypical
anorexia nervosa; 2. Bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders. Search Method(s): We searched Ovid MEDLINE (1950- ), Embase (1974- ), PsycINFO
(1967- ) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to 2 July 2018. An earlier search of these databases was conducted via the
Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trial Register (CCMD-CTR) (all years to 20 November 2015). We also searched the WHO International
Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov (6 July 2018). We ran a forward citation search on the Web of Science to identify additional
reports citing any of the included studies, and screened reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews identified during our searches.
Selection Criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that tested the efficacy of inpatient, outpatient, or partial hospital settings for
treatment of eating disorder in adults, adolescents, and children, whose diagnoses were determined according to the DSM-5, or other internationally
accepted diagnostic criteria. We excluded trials of treatment setting for medical or psychiatric complications or comorbidities (e.g. hypokalaemia,
depression) of an eating disorder. Data Collection and Analysis: We followed standard Cochrane procedures to select studies, extract and analyse
data, and interpret and present results. We extracted data according to the DSM-5 criteria. We used the Cochrane tool to assess risk of bias. We used
the mean (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) for continuous data outcomes, and the risk ratio (RR) for binary outcomes. We included the 95%
confidence interval (CI) with each result. We presented the quality of the evidence and estimate of effect for weight or body mass index (BMI) and
acceptability (number who completed treatment), in a 'Summary of findings' table for the comparison for which we had sufficient data to conduct a
meta-analysis. Main Result(s): We included five trials in our review. Four trials included a total of 511 participants with anorexia nervosa, and one
trial had 55 participants with bulimia nervosa. Three trials are awaiting classification, and may be included in future versions of this review. We
assessed a risk of bias from lack of blinding of participants and therapists in all trials, and unclear risk for allocation concealment and
randomisation in one study. We had planned four comparisons, and had data for meta-analyses for one. For anorexia nervosa, there may be little or no
difference between specialist inpatient care and active outpatient or combined brief hospital and outpatient care in weight gain at 12 months after
the start of treatment (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.22, 95% CI -0.49 to 0.05; 2 trials, 232 participants; low-quality evidence). People may
be more likely to complete treatment when randomised to outpatient care settings, but this finding is very uncertain (risk ratio (RR) 0.75, 95% CI
0.64 to 0.88; 3 trials, 319 participants; very low-quality evidence). We downgraded the quality of the evidence for these outcomes because of risks
of bias, small numbers of participants and events, and variable level of specialist expertise and intensity of treatment. We had no data, or data
from only one trial for the primary outcomes for each of the other three comparisons. No trials measured weight or acceptance of treatment for
anorexia nervosa, when comparing inpatient care provided by a specialist eating disorder service and health professionals and a waiting list, no
active treatment, or treatment as usual. There was no clear difference in weight gain between settings, and only slightly more acceptance for the
partial hospital setting over specialist inpatient care for weight restoration in anorexia nervosa. There was no clear difference in weight gain or
acceptability of treatment between specialist inpatient care and partial hospital care for bulimia nervosa, and other binge eating disorders.
Authors' conclusions: There was insufficient evidence to conclude whether any treatment setting was superior for treating people with moderately
severe (or less) anorexia nervosa, or other eating disorders. More research is needed for all comparisons of inpatient care versus alternate care.
Copyright © 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019 (1) (no
pagination)(CD010827) :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Lock, J., Sadeh-Sharvit, S., LInsalata, A.
Treatments for
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) lack strong empirical support. There is a critical need to conduct adequately powered studies to
identify effective treatments for ARFID. As a first step, the primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomized
clinical trial (RCT) comparing Family-based Treatment for ARFID (FBT-ARFID) to usual care (UC). The primary outcomes were recruitment, attrition,
suitability, and expectancy rates. The secondary aim was to assess changes in percent estimated body weight, eating related psychopathology, and
parental self-efficacy from baseline to end of treatment/UC period in both groups. Recruitment rates were 1.87 per month; 28 children with ARFID and
their families were randomized and attrition rate was 21%. Therapeutic suitability and expectancy rating suggested that FBT-ARFID was acceptable to
families. Effect size (ES) differences on measures of weight and clinical severity were moderate to large, favoring FBT-ARFID over UC. Parental
self-efficacy improvement also demonstrated a large ES favoring FBT-ARFID, which was correlated with improvements in ARFID symptoms. There is a
research gap between our knowledge base on how to treat children with ARFID and clinical need. The data presented suggest that an RCT comparing FBT-
ARFID and UC is feasible to conduct. Copyright © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(6) : 746-
751
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Family therapy
Sepulveda, A.
R., Anastasiadou, D., Parks, M., Gutierrez, E.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a negative reaction to the illness would be reduced through
the \"Collaborative Care Skills Workshops\" programme among Spanish caregivers of relatives with an eating disorder. Caregivers were randomly
allocated to either the skill-based workshops (n = 32) or psycho-educational workshops (n = 31), and assessments were carried out over time
(T0 vs. T1 vs. T2). There were no significant differences between interventions on primary or secondary caregiver
outcomes or among the patients themselves. However, caregivers in both interventions showed greater improvement at T2 on accommodating and
enabling behaviours and an improvement at T1 in terms of psychological distress and appraisals towards the caregiving experience. Eating
pathology, psychological distress, and some indices of psychosocial adjustment were significantly lower among the patients following both
interventions (T1). Overall, both interventions may be able to help caregivers and patients to decrease their psychological distress.
Highlights: Involvement of family members in the treatment could be the best resource for aiding in their relative's recovery. This is the first
controlled study to test the effectiveness of the Collaborative Care Skills Workshops in Spanish caregivers. Both interventions could be implemented
as both help Spanish caregivers and patients. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
European Eating Disorders Review, 27(3) : 247-
262
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Skills training
Castillo, I., Solano, S., Sepulveda, A. R.
Obesity and eating disorders are currently two significant health problems in Mexico. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an
integrated prevention program on university students through an exploratory controlled study that targeted specific predisposing factors of
disordered eating and obesity related to healthy eating, physical activity, body image satisfaction and perceived pressure to be thin. A total of 388
university students participated (264 females and 124 males) and were assigned either to an intervention condition or one of the two control
conditions (study skills vs. nonintervention); each comprised of a total of eight workshops lasting 90 min. The program did not have any effect on
the male students. In contrast, there was an interaction effect for time and group in thin-ideal internalization (eta2 = 0.04) and in
disordered eating attitudes/behaviours (eta2 = 0.03); both showed improvements over time only among the female sample. Though, the effect
size was insignificant, which means that the effectiveness of this integrated prevention program was limited. Integrated prevention approaches to
eating and weight-related problems are still nascent in Mexico, and further research in this field is warranted so as to fine tune future prevention
programs. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
European Eating Disorders Review., :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Cognitive dissonance
therapy
Voelker, D. K., Petrie, T. A., Huang, Q., Chandran, A.
Female athletes are at risk for eating disorders due to the experience and internalization of pressures
regarding various aspects of their bodies, including weight and appearance. Evaluating programs that address psychosocial antecedents and may reduce
female athletes' risk is critical. We examined Bodies in Motion, a program based on cognitive dissonance and mindful self-compassion principles that
integrates components of social media. Female athletes across nine NCAA athletic departments were assigned to Bodies in Motion (n = 57) or a wait-
list control group (n = 40). Athletic department personnel were trained in the standardized program. Data were collected at three time-points -
baseline, post-program, and three to four months later. Using Holm's algorithm to control for multiple comparisons, repeated measures ANOVAs showed
that, after program completion, Bodies in Motion athletes reported less thin-ideal internalization, as compared to the control athletes, over time.
We also observed varying group trajectories in outcome responses upon visual inspection of profile plots. These findings serve as the basis for
future research suggestions involving larger sample sizes and prolonged measurement of outcomes. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Body image, 28 : 149-158
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Mindfulness based
therapy, Cognitive dissonance
therapy