Disorders - Substance Use Disorders
Kardas, O., Kardas, B., Saatcioglu, H., Yuncu, Z.
OBJECTIVE: In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of problem solving therapy, which is a cognitive behavioral
method, on adolescents diagnosed with alcohol and substance use disorder.\rMETHOD: A semi-structured interview and intelligence test were
administered to adolescents with diagnosis of substance use disorder to identify comorbidities. 46 adolescents who met the inclusion criteria were
divided into two groups. Problem solving therapy was applied to the first group for 5 weeks, once a week, while the other group continued their
routine controls in the center. Beck Depression Inventory, Screen for Child Anxiety Disorders, Revised Social Problem Solving Inventory, Addiction
Profile Index and Treatment Motivation Questionnaire were administered to the groups at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 5th week and
the results were analyzed.\rRESULTS: Sociodemographic and substance use characteristics, comorbid psychopathologies and scale mean scores of the
groups in the first evaluation were found to be similar to each other. Although the depression and anxiety scores decreased significantly in both
groups, no significant difference was found between the groups. Problemsolving skills and treatment motivation increased in the therapy group and
decreased in the control group. The difference between groups was found to be significant (p=0.045, 0.037 for problem solving and treatment
motivation respectively). While the severity of addiction decreased in therapy group, it increased in control group, but the difference was not
significant.\rCONCLUSION: This study is important in that it shows that psychosocial interventions strengthen the treatment of substance use disorder
in adolescents. In our country, no other study was evaluating the effects of the intervention methods in addicted adolescents was found. Future
studies with larger sample sizes and where the long-term results of substance use disorder are evaluated are needed.
Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 34(2) : 100-109
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Problem solving therapy (PST)
Jennifer, D., Birrell, L., Champion, K., Newton, N.
Background: There are limited age-appropriate, harm reduction
interventions targeting older adolescents and emerging adults, despite this representing the age of initiation and escalation of substance use. The
Illicit Project is a neuroscience-based, harm reduction program, designed to address this gap. The aims of this study are to describe the
development, evaluation and scale of this intervention. Method(s): An iterative, user-centred design approach was followed with young people, to
develop this innovative new program. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 950 students (M = 15.9 years SD = 0.68; 60%
Female) from eight secondary schools in Australia to evaluate the intervention's effectiveness in reducing the harms of substance use. All students
completed a selfreport survey at baseline, 6- and 12-months post-baseline. Outcomes include alcohol and substance use, alcohol related harms and drug
literacy levels (knowledge and skills). Result(s): At the 6-month survey assessment, individuals who received The Illicit Project intervention were
less likely to engage in risky alcohol use, MDMA use, early-onset cannabis use and reported higher drug literacy scores compared to the active
control group. The 12-month results are currently under analysis and will be prepared by December 2022. Conclusion(s): As the foundation of future
population health, preventing risky substance use and the related harms amongst adolescents undergoing formative stages of neurodevelopment, is
critically important. These results support the preliminary effectiveness of The Illicit Project at 6-month post program delivery. Further follow-up
will determine the durability of the results and inform program up-scale.
Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 17(Supplement
1) : 99
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Hammond, C., Webb, L., Lee, A., Adegbindin, A., Park, G., Lebo, R., Nanavati, J., Sibinga, E.
The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled
trials to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing drug and alcohol use and improving psychological functioning in
substance using and addicted youth. Background(s): Given the large treatment gap and modest response to contemporary drug treatment approaches for
adolescents with drug/ alcohol problems, there is a growing interest in adapting mindfulness based interventions (MBI) to improve substance use
outcomes in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of MBI in reducing drug and alcohol use and improving
psychological functioning in substance using and addicted youth. Learning Objective 1: Define 'mindfulness' and identify components of MBI for
addictive disorders. Learning Objective 2: Describe the efficacy of MBI for treatment of adolescent alcohol/other drug (AOD) use and addictive
disorders in young people. Learning Objective 3: Describe the hypothesized psychological mechanisms that may explain the efficacy of MBI for
adolescent AOD use. Method(s): A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were selected if they used a
randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to compare the efficacy of MBI to a comparator intervention on substance-related outcomes in a sample of
substance using youth (ages 12-21 years). All studies were graded for strength of evidence. Result(s): After reviewing 1650 citations, we included 18
published studies reporting results from 16 trials with 1798 participants in the qualitative analysis. There was a high degree of heterogeneity
across study designs, analytic approaches, MBI types, and populations studied. Trials were conducted in a variety of settings and focused on broad
range of substance types including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and general substance use. Content, platform, and dose of MBI varied across trials.
Brief mindfulness breathing exercises were the most commonly used MBI approach. A majority of the trials (13 of 18) showed that MBI reduced alcohol
and/or drug use to a greater extent than comparator interventions, with largely similar effects observed across substance types. Results from a
subgroup of studies that examined outcomes for addiction-related constructs and psychological functioning provided preliminary evidence that MBI may
reduce stress, impulsivity, and alcohol/drug craving in substance using youth and that changes in these variables may mediate the relationship
between MBI and alcohol/drug use outcomes. Conclusion(s): The results of this systematic review indicate that MBI can result in small to moderate
post intervention reductions in alcohol and/or drug use and may improve impulsivity and stress reactivity in substance using youth. Stronger study
designs with additional mechanism-focused assessments, active comparator groups, and longer follow-up assessments are needed to determine the
strength, durability, and mechanisms underlying MBI effects on youth substance use. Scientific Significance: Our systematic review indicates that
mindfulness-based interventions result in modest reductions in adolescent drug and alcohol use, impulsivity, and stress-related disorder symptoms.
.
American Journal on Addictions, 32(2) : 196
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Mindfulness based
therapy
Haggerty, K. P., Barkan, S. E., Caouette, J. D., Skinner, M. L., Hanson, K. G.
This study experimentally tested risk behavior outcomes of Connecting, a
low-cost, self-directed, family-based prevention program for families with youth placed in their care by state child welfare agencies. Families
caring for youth aged 11 to 15 years from across Washington State were recruited and randomly assigned to either the self-directed program with
supplemental support (n=110) or a treatment as usual control condition (n=110). Program materials included a workbook with family activities and DVDs
with video clips. Over the 10-week program, participants received motivational support contacts to prompt program completion. Survey data were
collected from youth and their caregivers at baseline, directly following intervention, then again at 12 and 24 months post-intervention.
Intervention effects at 24-month follow-up were found to be moderated by age. Among 16- to 17-year-old youth at follow-up, there was an intervention
benefit yielding reduced use of any substance (OR=0.71, 95% CI [0.54, 0.93], p=0.01) and nonviolent delinquency (OR=0.73, 95% CI [0.57, 0.94],
p=0.02). There was no intervention effect among adolescents aged 13 to 15 years for any risk behaviors. This evidence suggests that the developmental
timing of a self-directed, family-focused preventive intervention for youth and their caregivers in the foster care system may influence risk
behaviors that typically emerge in late adolescence. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03157895. Copyright © 2022. Society for Prevention
Research.
Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 24(1) : 15-
26
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Scheier, L. M., Williams, C.
Most universal drug abuse prevention efforts target early adolescents with the goal
of delaying or preventing the onset of substance use. The present study examined long-term follow-up data from a large-scale randomized trial of a
school-based prevention program that used cognitive-behavioral skills-training techniques to enhance social and personal competence skills and drug
refusal skills. The preventive intervention was implemented in junior high schools, and pretest data were collected from students in the classroom.
Approximately 13 years later, follow-up data were collected by mail from 2042 young adults. Rates of overall lifetime illicit drug use, as well as
lifetime marijuana use, marijuana intoxication, and lifetime non-medical pill use, were lower among students who received the prevention program
(Life Skills Training) during junior high school compared to control group participants. These findings support the hypothesis that comprehensive,
universal school-based prevention programs can produce long-term effects on illicit drug use behavior. Copyright © The Author(s) 2023.
Journal of Public Health
Research, 12(1) :
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any), Cannabis Use, Opioid Use, Stimulant Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Galan, C. A., Shaw, D. S., O'Rourke,
F., Reynolds, M. D., Gill, A., Bogen, D. L., Ridenour, T. A.
This study evaluated acceptability, engagement in prevention, and efficacy of
a primary care screening-and-referral-to-prevention program to reduce substance use in early adolescence. Screening tools were the Youth Risk Index
and Transmissible Liability Index and prevention consisted of the Family Check-Up (FCU). Three hundred sixty-one 10- to 13-year-olds from low
resource neighborhoods (85.9% African American; 52.4% female) screened \"at risk\" during primary care visits and were randomized to the FCU (n=123)
or usual care (n=238). Screening was acceptable to parents and youths: nearly 95% of each rated it as important, about 90% of each were happy with or
did not mind it, and only 2.4% of parents did not want their child to be screened at their next check-up. Of parents who had a chance to receive the
FCU (or waitlist-control), 87.5% followed through with researchers while 93.5% who were offered FCU engaged in it. FCU efficacy primarily involved
interactions such that youth with greater risk at baseline experienced larger benefits. At 12-month follow-up, FCU was associated with 11% reduced
risk of initiating a new substance per substance that had been initiated before baseline; greater reductions in tolerance of deviance among those
with higher tolerance of deviance at baseline; and a main effect of reduced anxiety, but no effect for conduct problems. Pediatric well-child check-
up screening can identify high-risk youth before, or in the initial stages of, problematic SU; engage families in a preventive intervention; and
reduce rates of substance use and related risk factors. Copyright © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media,
LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 51(2) : 151-163
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any), Alcohol
Use, Cannabis Use
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Personalised feedback, normative feedback
Gaihre, A., Sasidharan, R. K., Bista, S., Poudel, L., Khadka,
R., Rajbhandari, B.
Objectives: Substance use disorder is a pattern
of recurrent use of illicit substances that leads to severe psychosocial imbalance and recurrent relapse. The study was to evaluate the efficacy of a
yoga-based intervention as an add-on in enhancing psychological wellbeing, compared with physical exercise among substance abusers. Method(s): In
this randomized controlled study, 96 male participants with substance use disorder from a residential rehabilitation treatment center, Kathmandu,
Nepal, were randomly allocated into two groups namely the yoga group (n=48, mean age +/- SD=25.18 +/- 6.43) and the physical exercise group (n=48,
mean age +/- SD=25.02 +/- 5.02). The participants in the yoga group attended the 90 min yoga sessions for 12 weeks (six days per week) whereas the
physical exercise group attended exercise sessions for the same duration. Above mentioned interventions were in addition to standard rehabilitation
treatment. The study measured the Self-Control, Anxiety, Depression, Sleep parameters, and Mindfulness at the baseline and after 12 weeks of
intervention. Result(s): A significant enhancement in self-control was observed in both the yoga (p<0.033, d=0.33) and the exercise group (p<0.038,
d=0.32). Yoga group showed significant improvement in mindfulness score (p<0.017, d=0.37), whereas exercise group did not show any significant
changes in mindfulness (p<0.169, d=0.21). The depression and anxiety scores reduced significantly in both yoga (p<0.044, d=0.31; p<0.025, d=0.35
resp.) and exercise (p<0.032, d=0.34. p<0.039, d=0.32. resp.) group. Furthermore, significant reduction was seen in sleep disturbance after yoga
(p<0.001, d=0.52) and exercise (p<0.001, d=0.78) intervention. The sleep - somnolence score reduced significantly only in yoga group (p<0.020,
d=0.36). The magnitude of improvement was higher in the yoga group than physical exercise group on self-control, mindfulness, depression, anxiety and
some sleep parameters, however the between group differences could not reach to the level of significance. Conclusion(s): The 12 week yoga
intervention did not appear to be significantly more effective than the 12 week physical exercise program on psychological wellbeing in male
participants with substance use disorder. However, greater improvement in psychological wellbeing was observed within the yoga group. In future, a
multi-centric study with robust design, larger sample size and longer follow-up is required to conform the present results and to find out the
difference between the impacts of yoga and physical exercise on psychological wellbeing in substance abusers. Copyright © 2021 Walter de Gruyter
GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 20(1) : 241-249
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong), Physical activity, exercise
Esteban, J., Suarez-Relinque, C., Jimenez, T. I.
One of the most serious psychosocial problems worldwide is
substance abuse because of its repercussions not only on the physical and psychological health of the abuser but also on their relational
functioning. Among the well-established therapeutic approaches for the treatment of substance abuse is family therapy, which, in addition to
influencing personal variables, promotes changes in family dynamics. The main objective of this study is to review the scientific literature
published from 2010 to the present on the efficacy and effectiveness shown by family-based treatment approaches for substance use problems both in
adolescent and adult samples. In addition, the effect on secondary variables such as family functioning and behavioral problems is evaluated. The
empirical evidence accumulated in the last decade and reviewed in the present study indicates that the incorporation of family members in the
treatment of substance abuse produces benefits by diminishing consumption and improving family functioning. Limitations of this study and of the
research reviewed are discussed and directions for future research are provided. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Family Process published by Wiley
Periodicals LLC on behalf of Family Process Institute.
Family process, 62
(1) : 49-73
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Family therapy
Coulton, S., Nizalova, O., Pellatt-Higgins,
T., Stevens, A., Hendrie, N., Marchand, C., Vass, R., Deluca, P., Drummond, C., Ferguson, J., Waller, G., Newbury-Birch, D.
Background: Substance use and offending are related in the context of other disinhibitory behaviours.
Adolescents involved in the criminal justice system constitute a particularly vulnerable group, with a propensity to engage in risky behaviour that
has long-term impact on their future health and well-being. Previous research of the RISKIT programme provided evidence of a potential effect in
reducing substance use and risky behaviour in adolescents.\rObjectives: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a
multicomponent psychosocial intervention compared with treatment as usual in reducing substance use for substance-using adolescents involved in the
criminal justice system.\rDesign: A mixed-methods, prospective, pragmatic, two-arm, randomised controlled trial with follow-up at 6 and 12 months
post randomisation.\rSetting: The study was conducted across youth offending teams, pupil referral units and substance misuse teams across four areas
of England (i.e. South East, London, North West, North East).\rParticipants: Adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years (inclusive), recruited between
September 2017 and June 2020.\rInterventions: Participants were randomised to treatment as usual or to treatment as usual in addition to the RISKIT-
Criminal Justice System (RISKIT-CJS) programme. The RISKIT-CJS programme was a multicomponent intervention and consisted of two individual
motivational interviews with a trained youth worker (lasting 45 minutes each) and two group sessions delivered over half a day on consecutive weeks.
\rMain outcome measures: At 12 months, we assessed per cent days abstinent from substance use over the previous 28 days. Secondary outcome measures
included well-being, motivational state, situational confidence, quality of life, resource use and fidelity of interventions delivered.\rResults: A
total of 693 adolescents were assessed for eligibility, of whom 505 (73%) consented. Of these, 246 (49%) were allocated to the RISKIT-CJS
intervention and 259 (51%) were allocated to treatment as usual only. At month 12, the overall follow-up rate was 57%: 55% in the RISKIT-CJS arm and
59% in the treatment-as-usual arm. At month 12, we observed an increase in per cent days abstinent from substances in both arms of the study, from
61% to 85%, but there was no evidence that the RISKIT-CJS intervention was superior to treatment as usual. A similar pattern was observed for
secondary outcomes. The RISKIT-CJS intervention was not found to be any more cost-effective than treatment as usual. The qualitative research
indicated that young people were positive about learning new skills and acquiring new knowledge. Although stakeholders considered the intervention
worthwhile, they expressed concern that it came too late for the target population.\rLimitations: Our original aim to collect data on offences was
thwarted by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and this affected both the statistical and economic analyses. Although 214 (87%) of the 246
participants allocated to the RISKIT-CJS intervention attended at least one individual face-to-face session, 98 (40%) attended a group session and
only 47 (19%) attended all elements of the intervention.\rConclusions: The RISKIT-CJS intervention was no more clinically effective or cost-effective
than treatment as usual in reducing substance use among adolescents involved in the criminal justice system.\rFuture research: The RISKIT-CJS
intervention was considered more acceptable, and adherence was higher, in pupil referral units and substance misuse teams than in youth offending
teams. Stakeholders in youth offending teams thought that the intervention was too late in the trajectory for their population.\rTrial registration:
This trial is registered as ISRCTN77037777.\rFunding: This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public
Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 11, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further
project information.
Public Health Research, 11(3) : 1-77
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Motivational interviewing, includes Motivational Enhancing Therapy, Psychoeducation, Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Contreras-Perez, M. E., Morris, S., Hospital, M., Wagner, E.
Purpose: This article presents a systematic review of culturally\radapted interventions targeting substance use disorders among
\runderrepresented adolescents.\rMethod: The systematic review included Randomized Controlled\rTrials conducted with adolescents with substance use-
related problems, implemented in the U.S. between January 2017 and\rFebruary 2022; interventions not tailored explicitly for underserved\rpopulations
were excluded from this review. The studies were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Also, the effect\rsize reported for each
outcome measurement was included, or if not\rreported, was calculated using the Psychometrika effect size\rcalculator.\rResults: The search yielded
seven studies, and culturally adapted\rinterventions performed significantly better than comparison conditions. Cultural adaptation appears to
enhance the effectiveness of\rtreatments for underserved adolescent populations with substance\ruse problems.\rDiscussion: Results are discussed
regarding the approaches to cultural\radaptation, the social implications of alcohol use among Hispanic/\rLatine adolescents, cigarette use,
incorporating family components\rin treatment, and other co-occurring risky behaviors
Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 20(3) : 404-
424
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any)
Bo, A., Goings, T. C., Evans, C. B. R., Sharma, A., Jennings, Z., Durand, B., Bardeen, A., Murray-Lichtman, A.
This
systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesize the efficacy of culturally sensitive prevention programs for substance use outcomes among U.S.
adolescents of color (aged 11 to 18 years old) and explore whether the intervention effects vary by participant and intervention characteristics.
Eight electronic databases and grey literature were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials through September 2022. Robust variance
estimation in meta-regression was used to synthesize treatment effect size estimates and to conduct moderator analysis. After screening, 30 unique
studies were included. The average treatment effect size across all substance use outcomes (including 221 effect sizes) was Hedges's g = -0.20, 95%
CI = [-0.24, -0.16]. The synthesized effect sizes were statistically significant across types of substances (alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, illicit
and other drugs, and unspecified substance use), racial/ethnic groups (Hispanic, Black, and Native American), and different follow-ups (0-12 months,
>12 months). Very few studies reported substance use consequences as outcomes and the synthesized effect size was non-significant. Meta-regression
findings suggest that the intervention effects may vary based on the type of substance. This meta-analysis found supportive evidence of culturally
sensitive prevention programs' efficacy in preventing or reducing substance use among Black, Hispanic, and Native American adolescents. More
substance use prevention efforts and evidence is needed for Asian American, Pacific Islander, and multiracial adolescents. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier
Ltd
Clinical Psychology Review, 99 (no
pagination) :
- Year: 2023
- Problem: Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Yule, A. M., DiSalvo, M., Kramer, J., Woodward, D. W., Lyons, R. M., Wilens, T. E.
Objectives: The objective is to compare the efficacy of quetiapine on substance use and mood symptoms for the treatment of
youth with a co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) and bipolar disorder. Method(s): Pilot 8-week, randomized, double-blind trial of adjuvant
quetiapine titrated up to 300 mg per day vs placebo for youth aged 15 to 24 years with a co-occurring SUD and bipolar disorder with symptoms of
severe mood dysregulation and current substance use. Outcome measures included proportion of past 28 days with substance use assessed by timeline
follow back, mania assessed on the Young Mania Rating Scale, depression assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and the Global
Assessment of Functioning (GAF) rating scale. This was a modified intention-to-treat analysis defined by completing 1 week of study medication, and
outcome measures were analyzed using mixed-effects linear or Poisson regression models, depending on the distribution. Result(s): Nineteen subjects
completed 1 week of medication (quetiapine = 10, placebo = 9). Cannabis was the most common primary SUD identified by participants (79%), and 95% of
participants (N = 18) met criteria for bipolar disorder type 1. The mean age of subjects was 20.6 +/- 1.9 years, 63% were female, 63% were White, 79%
were not Hispanic/Latino, and there were no significant differences in baseline demographics between the groups (p's >.05). There were no
significant differences between groups in change in proportion of days with substance use or BDI-II score (p's >.05). However, when compared to
placebo, subjects randomized to quetiapine had a greater decrease in YMRS score (-8.8 +/- 8.1 vs -0.4 +/- 7.5, p =.005) and greater improvement in
GAF score (8.0 +/- 6.3 vs 0.8 +/- 4.5, p =.009). Conclusion(s): Despite a small sample size treatment with quetiapine resulted in greater
improvements in symptoms of mania and overall functioning among youth with co-occurring SUD and bipolar disorder. SUD, BRD, TREAT Copyright ©
2022
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(10
Supplement) : S271
- Year: 2022
- Problem: Bipolar Disorders, Substance Use Disorders (any)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation)