Disorders - depressive disorders
King, C. A., Gipson, P. Y., Arango, A., Foster, C. E., Clark, M., Ghaziuddin, N., Stone, D.
This study examined the effectiveness of LET's CONNECT (LC), a community
mentorship program for youths who report peer social problems, which is based on a positive youth development framework. Participants were 218 youths
(66.5% girls), aged 12 to 15 years, who were recruited from an urban medical emergency department and screened positive for bullying victimization,
bullying perpetration, and/or low social connectedness. Youths were randomized to LC (n = 106) or the control condition (n = 112). Six-month outcomes
were assessed with self-report measures of youth social connectedness, community connectedness, thwarted belongingness, depression, self-esteem, and
suicidal ideation. LC was associated with a significant increase in only one of these outcomes, social connectedness (effect size = 0.4). It was
associated consistently with trend-level positive changes for thwarted belongingness (decreased), depression (decreased), community connectedness,
and self-esteem (effect sizes = 0.2). There was no effect on suicidal ideation (effect size = 0.0), and although not a primary outcome, eight youths
in the LC condition and seven youths in the control condition engaged in suicidal behavior between baseline and follow-up. Although LC effect sizes
are consistent with those from previous studies of community mentorship, there were multiple challenges to LC implementation that affected dosage and
intervention fidelity, and that may account for the lack of stronger positive effects. Copyright © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of Community Psychology, 46(7) : 885-
902
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Suicide or self-harm behaviours (excluding non-suicidal self-harm)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Pascoe, M. C., Parker, A. G.
Aim: The aim of this narrative summary was to
examine the efficacy of physical activity and exercise as a universal prevention for depression in young people. Method(s): We conducted a search of
the literature in the open-access evidence database of controlled trials and systematic reviews in youth mental health, an initiative between Orygen,
The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and headspace, National Youth Mental Health Foundation. In April 2018, we searched for all
papers published between 1980 and 2017 relating to \"Depressive Disorder\" under the \"Universal Prevention\" illness stage and classified as
\"Physical activity/Exercise\" under the treatment/intervention classification. Systematic reviews, randomized control trials (RCTs) and controlled
clinical trials were all included. Result(s): A total of 11 papers were returned. Three of these studies were observational and eight studies were
controlled trials. The reviewed studies indicate that exercise and physical activity might be an effective universal depression prevention
intervention for young people. Three of the controlled studies had a passive control group or no control group and only one study had longer-term
follow-up. No trial used a longitudinal design to determine if interventions prevent the onset of new cases of depression. Conclusion(s): The studies
reviewed in the current review demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between physical activity, exercise and adolescent mental health. The results
of the current review suggest that physical activity and exercise programs designed to increase the level of activity in young people should be
implemented to be attractive and achievable to young people that may have poor psychological health. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Australia,
Ltd
Early intervention in psychiatry., :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Physical activity, exercise
Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Vermulst, A. A., Janssens,
J. M. A. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J.
A randomized controlled trail was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a depression and anxiety
prevention program 'Een Sprong Vooruit' (A Leap Forward) among adolescent girls with a high familial risk (N = 142). The results showed neither
effects of the prevention program directly after the intervention, nor at 6 or 12 months follow-up on depression and anxiety symptoms. Further,
latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was used to examine whether the growth functions for the intervention and the control condition were different.
The slope representing the change in depression symptoms was not significantly different between the intervention and the control condition. For
anxiety symptoms, the difference between slopes was also not significant. Based on these results, we suggested that these high-risk adolescent girls
might benefit more from a more intensive prevention program. Copyright © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 15 (7) (no pagination)(1457) :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Kohut, S. A., Jelen, A., Ruskin, D., Stinson, J.
Context Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have emerged as a promising
strategy for individuals with chronic health conditions, given their versatility in targeting both physical and mental health outcomes. However,
research to date has focused on adult or community-based populations. Yet, a recent meta-analysis revealed that MBIs are 3 times more impactful for
clinical versus nonclinical pediatric populations and are particularly helpful for internalizing symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety). Objective To
summarize and critically appraise the available literature on the feasibility and effectiveness of MBIs for clinical samples of youth diagnosed with
internalizing disorders (eg, anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress). Design A systematic review of the literature with electronic searches
conducted by a library information specialist familiar with the feld using EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and EBM Reviews
databases. Two reviewers independently selected articles for review and extracted data. Results Of a total of 4710 articles, 5 articles met inclusion
criteria. Study designs were primarily randomized controlled trials with 1 prospective pre-post intervention study. Sample sizes varied across
studies from 24 to 102 participants. No studies included inpatient participants or participants with comorbid internalizing and physical disorders.
The MBIs included in this review were primarily group-based and did not offer remote or online options. All MBIs were feasible, and studies
consistently found that following MBI completion, youth reported considerable improvements in internalizing symptoms (eg, anxiety, depression,
posttraumatic stress).Conclusion Mindfulness-based interventions are a promising approach to coping with internalizing symptomsin youth. Clinical
populations of youth are an essential sample to target for future work in mindfulness owing to the substantial impairment in quality of life and
function related to living with mental illness. Future research with rigorous study design is warranted to determine definitive treatment
effectiveness of MBIs for internalizing symptoms.
Canadian Family Physician, 64 (2 Supplement
1) : S79
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Mindfulness based
therapy
Johnstone, K. M., Kemps, E., Chen, J.
Anxiety and depression are among the most common mental health issues experienced in childhood. Implementing school-based
prevention programs during childhood, rather than adolescence, is thought to provide better mental health outcomes. The present meta-analysis aimed
to investigate the efficacy of universal school-based prevention programs that target both anxiety and depression in children (aged 13 years or
below), and examine three moderators (i.e., program type, primary target of program, and number of sessions) on prevention effects. PsycINFO, PubMED,
and Google Scholar were systematically searched for relevant articles published up to and including January 2018. Fourteen randomised controlled
trials, consisting of 5970 children, met eligibility criteria. Prevention programs led to significantly fewer depressive symptoms at post-program (g
= 0.172) and at long-term follow-up periods (g = 0.180), but not at short-term follow-up. Programs were not found to prevent anxiety symptoms across
any time point. Considerable heterogeneity was observed for all effects. Program type and length were found to moderate the relationship between
prevention program and outcomes. Prevention programs were effective in preventing depressive symptoms at post-program and long-term follow-up, while
no significant preventative effect on anxiety symptoms was observed. The FRIENDS Program and programs which contained a greater number of sessions
showed beneficial effects on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Universal programs aimed at preventing both anxiety and depression in children are
limited. Future research should investigate the long-term evaluation of school-based prevention programs for anxiety and depression in children.
Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 21(4) : 466-
481
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions
Ponnuthurai, S. A., Brown, J.
Objectives: School-based interventions aiming to intervene early in mental disorder in young people have been
tested since the 1990s. Most previous reviews looked at both targeted and universal interventions; we have only compared randomized controlled trials
of universal interventions, considering them as an implementable preventative intervention at a public health level. We have included other outcomes
of therapy, such as self-esteem, well-being, resilience, and mentalization, to also compare the effectiveness of interventions on outcomes that
appear to be associated with prevention. Method(s): A meta-analysis was performed of universal RCTs of school-based psychological interventions using
CBT, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness, and interpersonal therapy methodologies. PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched. The
outcome data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3. Result(s): The data on depression are presented as follows: 1) as in the other analyses, there was
evidence of a significant small effect on symptoms of depression for the interventions as a whole; and 2) this effect was maintained after 12 months
overall. The data on anxiety are presented as follows: 1) overall, the effect on anxiety symptoms was also small; and 2) this small effect was
slightly better maintained with anxiety >= 12 months after intervention (d = 0.17 in anxiety compared with d = 0.12 with depressive symptoms).
Secondary outcomes are indicated as follows: 1) no trial-measured outcomes of interventions have been associated with relapse prevention (eg, meta-
cognition or mentalization); and 2) only one trial measured other markers of recovery, such as well-being. Conclusion(s): 1) Universal school-based
interventions appear to have a small but significant effect on depression and anxiety symptoms that are maintained >=12 months postintervention,
although the amount of long-term data is small. 2) Possible markers of treatment effectiveness against relapse and of recovery, such as meta-
cognition and self-esteem, are not being monitored as outcomes. 3) Other factors, such as age and type of intervention, were also involved. For
example, mindfulness and use of a facilitator, who was a nonteacher with some education or training in mental health, appear significant in terms of
the effectiveness of these interventions. 4) Trial quality was low overall. Further trials with large sample groups, using attention control groups
as their control with a longer period of follow-up, are needed. EBP, PUP, SC Copyright © 2018
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57 (10
Supplement) : S189
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Interpersonal therapy (IPT), Mindfulness based
therapy, Acceptance & commitment therapy
(ACT)
Keles, S., Idsoe, T.
The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically examine the short- and long-term effects of group Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression and to examine the role of various moderators of the reported effect sizes. A comprehensive
literature search of relevant randomized-controlled trials identified 23 studies containing 49 post-intervention and 56 follow-up comparisons.
Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated both for post-intervention and follow-up. A three-level random effects approach was used to model
the dependent effect sizes. Group CBT was more efficacious than control conditions both at post-intervention (SMD = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.36, -0.19]) and
at follow-up (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI [-0.30, -0.11]). Having an inactive control group was associated with a larger post-intervention effect size, while
having a longer follow-up duration was associated with a smaller follow-up effect size. Even though the effect sizes are low, research suggests that
group CBT is a significant treatment for adolescent depression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Adolescence, 67 : 129-
139
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Bird, T., Mansell, W., Wright, J., Gaffney, H., Tai, S.
BACKGROUND: Evidence for the efficacy of computer-based psychological interventions is growing. A number of such
interventions have been found to be effective, especially for mild to moderate cases. They largely rely on psychoeducation and 'homework tasks',
and are specific to certain diagnoses (e.g. depression). AIMS: This paper presents the results of a web-based randomized controlled trial of Manage
Your Life Online (MYLO), a program that uses artificial intelligence to engage the participant in a conversation across any problem topic. METHOD(S):
Healthy volunteers (n = 213) completed a baseline questionnaire and were randomized to the MYLO program or to an active control condition where they
used the program ELIZA, which emulates a Rogerian psychotherapist. Participants completed a single session before completing post-study and 2-week
follow-up measures. RESULT(S): Analyses were per protocol with intent to follow-up. Both programs were associated with improvements in problem
distress, anxiety and depression post-intervention, and again 2 weeks later, but MYLO was not found to be more effective than ELIZA. MYLO was rated
as significantly more helpful than ELIZA, but there was no main effect of intervention on problem resolution. CONCLUSION(S): Findings are consistent
with those of a previous smaller, laboratory-based trial and provide support for the acceptability and effectiveness of MYLO delivered over the
internet for a non-clinical sample. The lack of a no-treatment control condition means that the effect of spontaneous recovery cannot be ruled
out.
Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 46(5) : 570-
582
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Problem solving therapy (PST), Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Dainer-Best, J., Shumake, J.D., Beevers, C.G.
Depressed adults often show a bias towards negative self-referent
processing at the expense of positive self-referent processing. The current study assessed whether a mental imagery intervention (Positive Self
Reference Training-PSRT) delivered via the Internet could improve self-referent processing and depressive symptomatology among adults with moderate
or greater depression symptoms. Participants were recruited via online methods and randomly assigned to one of two computerized interventions: active
PSRT (n = 44 ) or control training (NTC; n = 43). The PSRT involved visualizing the self in response to different positive cues (e.g., an
achievement) every other day for two weeks. The NTC provided neutral cues about objects. Self-referential processing of positive and negative
adjectives and depression symptoms were measured at baseline, one week, and two weeks after initiating training. Over those two weeks, PSRT
participants showed a greater increase in positive self-referent processing than did NTC participants. Negative self-referent processing and symptoms
of depression declined comparably in both groups. Similarly, for both groups, increase in positive and decrease in negative self-referent processing
was associated with a greater reduction in depression. These results indicate that mental imagery has the potential to improve self-referential
processing, especially for positive stimuli, which may, in turn, help reduce depressive symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all
rights reserved)
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 111 : 72-83
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Ahlen, J., Hursti, T., Tanner, L., Tokay, Z., Ghaderi, A.
Our study aimed at evaluating FRIENDS
for Life, an intervention to prevent anxiety and depression in Swedish school children. A total of 695 children between the ages of 8 and 11 were
recruited from 17 schools in Stockholm, Sweden, and cluster-randomized to either the intervention or control group. Teachers in the intervention
group received a full day of training and administered FRIENDS for Life in their classrooms. We assessed the children's anxiety and depressive
symptoms, general mental health, and academic performance at pre- and post-intervention as well as at the 12-month follow-up. A multi-informant
approach was used with data collected from children, parents, and teachers. Assessment was done with the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale,
Children's Depression Inventory, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children's baseline symptoms, gender, and age as well as their
teacher's use of supervision were examined as moderators of effect. Our study found no short- or long-term effects of the intervention for any
outcome with regard to the entire sample. We found an enhanced effect of the intervention regarding children with elevated depressive symptoms at
baseline. We found a decrease in anxiety symptoms among children whose teachers attended a larger number of supervision sessions, compared to
children whose teachers attended fewer supervised sessions or the control group. Mediation analyses showed that this effect was driven by change in
the last phase of the intervention, suggesting that supervision might play an important role in enhancing teachers' ability to administer the
intervention effectively.
Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for
Prevention Research, 19(2) : 147-158
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Purgato, M., Gastaldon, C., Papola, D., van-
Ommeren, M., , Barbui, C., Tol, W. A.
BACKGROUND: People living in humanitarian settings
in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are exposed to a constellation of stressors that make them vulnerable to developing mental disorders.
Mental disorders with a higher prevalence in these settings include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive, anxiety, somatoform
(e.g. medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS)), and related disorders. A range of psychological therapies are used to manage symptoms of
mental disorders in this population.\rOBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and acceptability of psychological therapies versus control conditions
(wait list, treatment as usual, attention placebo, psychological placebo, or no treatment) aimed at treating people with mental disorders (PTSD and
major depressive, anxiety, somatoform, and related disorders) living in LMICs affected by humanitarian crises.\rSEARCH METHODS: We searched the
Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Controlled Trials Register (CCMDCTR), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley), MEDLINE (OVID),
Embase (OVID), and PsycINFO (OVID), with results incorporated from searches to 3 February 2016. We also searched the World Health Organization (WHO)
trials portal (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify any unpublished or ongoing studies. We checked the reference lists of relevant studies and
reviews.\rSELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing psychological therapies versus control conditions (including no
treatment, usual care, wait list, attention placebo, and psychological placebo) to treat adults and children with mental disorders living in LMICs
affected by humanitarian crises.\rDATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard Cochrane procedures for collecting data and evaluating risk of bias.
We calculated standardised mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for dichotomous data, using a random-effects model. We analysed
data at endpoint (zero to four weeks after therapy); at medium term (one to four months after therapy); and at long term (six months or longer).
GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was used to assess the quality of evidence for post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and withdrawal outcomes.\rMAIN RESULTS: We included 36 studies (33 RCTs) with a total of 3523 participants.
Included studies were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Asia. Studies were implemented in response to armed
conflicts; disasters triggered by natural hazards; and other types of humanitarian crises. Together, the 33 RCTs compared eight psychological
treatments against a control comparator.Four studies included children and adolescents between 5 and 18 years of age. Three studies included mixed
populations (two studies included participants between 12 and 25 years of age, and one study included participants between 16 and 65 years of age).
Remaining studies included adult populations (18 years of age or older).Included trials compared a psychological therapy versus a control
intervention (wait list in most studies; no treatment; treatment as usual). Psychological therapies were categorised mainly as cognitive-behavioural
therapy (CBT) in 23 comparisons (including seven comparisons focused on narrative exposure therapy (NET), two focused on common elements treatment
approach (CETA), and one focused on brief behavioural activation treatment (BA)); eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in two
comparisons; interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in three comparisons; thought field therapy (TFT) in three comparisons; and trauma or general
supportive counselling in two comparisons. Although interventions were described under these categories, several psychotherapeutic elements were
common to a range of therapies (i.e. psychoeducation, coping skills).In adults, psychological therapies may substantially reduce endpoint PTSD
symptoms compared to control conditions (standardised mean difference (SMD) -1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.34 to -0.79; 1272 participants; 16
studies; low-quality evidence). The effect is smaller at one to four months (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.68 to -0.31; 1660 participants; 18 studies) and at
six months (SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.14; 400 participants; five studies). Psychological therapies may also substantially reduce endpoint
depression symptoms compared to control conditions (SMD -0.86, 95% CI -1.06 to -0.67; 1254 participants; 14 studies; low-quality evidence). Similar
to PTSD symptoms, follow-up data at one to four months showed a smaller effect on depression (SMD -0.42, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.21; 1386 participants; 16
studies). Psychological therapies may moderately reduce anxiety at endpoint (SMD -0.74, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.49; 694 participants; five studies; low-
quality evidence) and at one to four months' follow-up after treatment (SMD -0.53, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.39; 969 participants; seven studies). Dropout
rates are probably similar between study conditions (19.5% with control versus 19.1% with psychological therapy (RR 0.98 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16; 2930
participants; 23 studies, moderate quality evidence)).In children and adolescents, we found very low quality evidence for lower endpoint PTSD
symptoms scores in psychotherapy conditions (CBT) compared to control conditions, although the confidence interval is wide (SMD -1.56, 95% CI -3.13
to 0.01; 130 participants; three studies;). No RCTs provided data on major depression or anxiety in children. The effect on withdrawal was uncertain
(RR 1.87 95% CI 0.47 to 7.47; 138 participants; 3 studies, low quality evidence).We did not identify any studies that evaluated psychological
treatments on (symptoms of) somatoform disorders or MUPS in LMIC humanitarian settings.\rAUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is low quality evidence that
psychological therapies have large or moderate effects in reducing PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in adults living in humanitarian settings
in LMICs. By one to four month and six month follow-up assessments treatment effects were smaller. Fewer trials were focused on children and
adolescents and they provide very low quality evidence of a beneficial effect of psychological therapies in reducing PTSD symptoms at endpoint.
Confidence in these findings is influenced by the risk of bias in the studies and by substantial levels of heterogeneity. More research evidence is
needed, particularly for children and adolescents over longer periods of follow-up.
Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 7 : CD011849
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Narrative exposure therapy (NET), Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-
CBT)
Arps, E. R., Friesen, M. D., Overall, N. C.
BACKGROUND: A growing body of research has documented the positive effects of
gratitude programs on participants' mental health and well-being. For children and adolescents, these programs typically rely on school-based group
designs tied with a health curriculum, whereas innovative technology-based programs are relatively understudied. METHOD(S): This experiment
investigated the feasibility and efficacy of a gratitude text-messaging program for promoting adolescent mental health relative to a positive
reflective control condition. RESULT(S): Young people showed positive changes over the course of the program in their general sense of gratitude,
subjective well-being, and reduced depressive symptoms, with some evidence that those with higher levels of depressive symptoms benefited more from
the gratitude program. However, there were no significant differences across the two groups in the magnitude of these mental health changes.
Participants in both conditions valued and were highly engaged with the interactive text-messaging approach. CONCLUSION(S): This interactive e-health
promotion strategy seemed to promote strong engagement and showed promising effectiveness with young people, with some challenges to feasibility due
to the labor intensive nature of sending and responding to a large number of text-messages. The importance of carefully considering risk management
strategies when developing such programs was also highlighted. Copyright © 2018 The International Association of Applied Psychology.
Applied Psychology, Health and well-being. 10(3) : 457-
480
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)