Disorders - depressive disorders
O'Shea, G., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C.
L.
Background: This
study adds to the limited evidence concerning the benefits of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) with depressed adolescents. It evaluates the long-
term effects of group versus individual delivery of this treatment approach. Aims: To conduct a smallscale examination of the long-term efficacy of
group versus individual delivery of IPT for depressed adolescents. Method: Thirty-nine adolescents, aged 13-19 years, with a primary diagnosis of
Major Depressive Disorder, were randomly assigned in blocks to either group or individual delivery of IPT. Standardized clinical interview and
questionnaire assessments were conducted at pre- and posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up. Results: Intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses indicated
significant improvements in depression, anxiety, youth-reported internalizing problems, and global functioning from pre- to posttreatment for those
receiving IPT, with no significant differences in outcome between group and individual formats of delivery. Improvements were maintained at 12-month
follow-up. Completer analyses also revealed significant and sustained improvements on these measures for those receiving IPT, with no differences in
outcome between therapy formats for most measures. Individual IPT showed significantly greater improvements than group IPT in parent-reported
internalizing problems for the completer but not the ITT analyses. Conclusions: Both individual and group formats of IPT offer promise in producing
long-term benefits in the treatment of depression among adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal
abstract).
Behavioural &
Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43(1) : 19
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Interpersonal therapy (IPT), Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Rendina, H. J., Safren, S. A., Parsons, J. T.
Objectives: We tested the preliminary efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral treatment adapted to improve depression, anxiety, and
co-occurring health risks (i.e., alcohol use, sexual compulsivity, condomless sex) among young adult gay and bisexual men. Treatment adaptations
focused on reducing minority stress processes that underlie sexual orientation-related mental health disparities. Method: Young gay and bisexual men
(n = 63; M age = 25.94) were randomized to immediate treatment or a 3-month waitlist. At baseline, 3-month, and 6-month assessments, participants
completed self-reports of mental health and minority stress and an interview of past-90-day risk behavior. Results: Compared to waitlist, treatment
significantly reduced depressive symptoms (b =-2.43, 95% CI:-4.90, 0.35, p <.001), alcohol use problems (b =-3.79, 95% CI:-5.94,-1.64, p <.001),
sexual compulsivity (b =-5.09, 95% CI:-8.78,-1.40, p <.001), and past-90-day condomless sex with casual partners (b =-1.09, 95% CI:-1.80,-0.37, p
<.001), and improved condom use self-efficacy (b = 10.08, 95% CI: 3.86, 16.30, p <.001). The treatment yielded moderate and marginally significant
greater improvements than waitlist in anxiety symptoms (b =-2.14, 95% CI:-4.61, 0.34, p =.09) and past-90-day heavy drinking (b =-0.32, 95% CI:-0.71,
0.07, p =.09). Effects were generally maintained at follow-up. Minority stress processes showed small improvements in the expected direction.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated preliminary support for the first intervention adapted to address gay and bisexual men's co-occurring health
problems at their source in minority stress. If found to be efficacious compared to standard evidence-based treatments, the treatment will possess
substantial potential for helping clinicians translate LGB-affirmative treatment guidelines into evidence-based practice.
Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 83(5) : 875-886
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Morris, R. R., Schueller, S. M., Picard, R. W.
Background: Self-guided, Web-based interventions for depression show promising results but suffer from high attrition and low
user engagement. Online peer support networks can be highly engaging, but they show mixed results and lack evidence-based content.; Objective: Our
aim was to introduce and evaluate a novel Web-based, peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform designed to promote evidence-based techniques, with
the hypotheses that (1) repeated use of the platform increases reappraisal and reduces depression and (2) that the social, crowdsourced interactions
enhance engagement.; Methods: Participants aged 18-35 were recruited online and were randomly assigned to the treatment group, \"Panoply\" (n=84), or
an active control group, online expressive writing (n=82). Both are fully automated Web-based platforms. Participants were asked to use their
assigned platform for a minimum of 25 minutes per week for 3 weeks. Both platforms involved posting descriptions of stressful thoughts and
situations. Participants on the Panoply platform additionally received crowdsourced reappraisal support immediately after submitting a post (median
response time=9 minutes). Panoply participants could also practice reappraising stressful situations submitted by other users. Online questionnaires
administered at baseline and 3 weeks assessed depression symptoms, reappraisal, and perseverative thinking. Engagement was assessed through self-
report measures, session data, and activity levels.; Results: The Panoply platform produced significant improvements from pre to post for depression
(P=.001), reappraisal (P<.001), and perseverative thinking (P<.001). The expressive writing platform yielded significant pre to post improvements for
depression (P=.02) and perseverative thinking (P<.001), but not reappraisal (P=.45). The two groups did not diverge significantly at post-test on
measures of depression or perseverative thinking, though Panoply users had significantly higher reappraisal scores (P=.02) than expressive writing.
We also found significant group by treatment interactions. Individuals with elevated depression symptoms showed greater comparative benefit from
Panoply for depression (P=.02) and perseverative thinking (P=.008). Individuals with baseline reappraisal deficits showed greater comparative benefit
from Panoply for depression (P=.002) and perseverative thinking (P=.002). Changes in reappraisal mediated the effects of Panoply, but not the
expressive writing platform, for both outcomes of depression (ab=-1.04, SE 0.58, 95% CI -2.67 to -.12) and perseverative thinking (ab=-1.02, SE 0.61,
95% CI -2.88 to -.20). Dropout rates were similar for the two platforms; however, Panoply yielded significantly more usage activity (P<.001) and
significantly greater user experience scores (P<.001).; Conclusions: Panoply engaged its users and was especially helpful for depressed individuals
and for those who might ordinarily underutilize reappraisal techniques. Further investigation is needed to examine the long-term effects of such a
platform and whether the benefits generalize to a more diverse population of users.; Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02302248;
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02302248 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Wtkj6CXU).;
Journal of Medical Internet
Research, 17(3) : e72-e72
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Muller, S., Rohde, P., Gau, J.M., Stice, E.
We investigated factors hypothesized to moderate the effects of cognitive behavioral group-based (CB
group) and bibliotherapy depression prevention programs. Using data from two trials (N = 631) wherein adolescents (M age = 15.5, 62% female, 61%
Caucasian) with depressive symptoms were randomized into CB group, CB bibliotherapy, or an educational brochure control condition, we evaluated the
moderating effects of individual, demographic, and environmental factors on depressive symptom reductions and major depressive disorder (MDD) onset
over 2-year follow-up. CB group and bibliotherapy participants had lower depressive symptoms than controls at posttest but these effects did not
persist. No MDD prevention effects were present in the merged data. Relative to controls, elevated depressive symptoms and motivation to reduce
depression amplified posttest depressive symptom reduction for CB group, and elevated baseline symptoms amplified posttest symptom reduction effects
of CB bibliotherapy. Conversely, elevated substance use mitigated the effectiveness of CB group relative to controls on MDD onset over follow-up.
Findings suggest that both CB prevention programs are more beneficial for youth with at least moderate depressive symptoms, and that CB group is more
effective for youth motivated to reduce their symptoms. Results also imply that substance use reduces the effectiveness of CB group-based depression
prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).
Behaviour Research & Therapy, 75 : 1-10
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Self-help
Nehmy, T. J., Wade, T. D.
Objective: The aim of the
current study was to evaluate a prevention program targeting unhelpful perfectionism and self-compassion, designed to prevent growth of negative
affect (NA). Method: Four schools participated in the research, where grade levels were allocated to either the intervention (\". Healthy Minds\") or
the control condition (N=688 individuals; mean age 14.90 years), and assessments occurred at baseline, post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month
follow-up. Results: There were no significant between group differences at post-intervention but at 6-month follow-up the intervention group had
significantly lower unhelpful perfectionism, self-criticism and NA than the controls. Only significant between-group differences in unhelpful
perfectionism were retained at 12-month follow-up (Cohen's d=.24). Examination of the sub-group lower in NA at baseline showed the intervention
group was significantly less likely to have elevated NA at 6-month follow-up than controls, indicating a prevention effect. Discussion: The effects
obtained in the current study provide support for the utility of a perfectionism intervention for reducing transdiagnostic outcomes, including
unhelpful perfectionism, self-judgment, and NA, and preventing the growth of NA. Ways of producing longer terms effects for NA need to be further
investigated, as does the impact of the intervention on different types of psychopathology. Trial registration: ACTRN12614000650695.
Behaviour Research & Therapy, 67 : 55-
63
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders, Eating Disorders
(any)
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Other Psychological Interventions
Rice, F., Rawal, A., Riglin, L., Lewis, G., Dunsmuir, S.
Background: Effective methods to prevent
adolescent depressive symptoms could reduce suffering and burden across the lifespan. However, psychological interventions delivered to adolescents
show efficacy only in symptomatic or high-risk youth. Targeting causal risk factors and assessing mechanistic change can help devise efficacious
universal or classroom based prevention programs.; Methods: A non-randomized longitudinal design was used to compare three classroom-based prevention
programs for adolescent depression (Behavioral Activation with Reward Processing, \"Thinking about Reward in Young People\" (TRY); Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)), and determine cognitive mechanisms of change in these programs. Cognitive
mechanisms examined were reward-seeking, negative self-beliefs (assessed with behavioral tasks) and over-general autobiographical memory. 256 healthy
adolescents aged 13-14 participated with 236 (92%) and 227 (89%) completing the pre- and post-assessments.; Results: TRY was the only intervention
associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms at follow-up. Reward-seeking increased following TRY. In the other programs there were non-
significant changes in cognitive mechanisms, with more reflective negative self-beliefs in CBT and fewer over-general autobiographical memories in
MBCT In the TRY program, which focused on increasing sensitivity to rewarding activities, reward seeking increased and this was associated with
decreased depressive symptoms.; Limitations: Due to the infeasibility of a cluster randomized controlled trial, a non-randomized design was used.;
Conclusions: Increased reward-seeking was associated with decreased depressive symptoms and may be a mechanism of depressive symptom change in the
intervention with a focus on enhancing sensitivity and awareness of reward. This study provides preliminary evidence to suggest that incorporating
activities to enhance reward sensitivity may be fruitful in randomized controlled trials of universal prevention programs for depression.; Copyright
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 186 : 320-
327
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions
Mondin, T. C., de-Azevedo-
Cardoso, T., Jansen, K., Del-Grande-da-Silva, G., de-Mattos-Souza, L. D., da-Silva, R. A.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of cognitive therapy on biological rhythm and depressive and anxious symptoms in a twelve-month
follow-up period. In addition, correlations between the reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms and the regulation of biological rhythm were
observed. Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial with young adults from 18 to 29 years of age who were diagnosed with depression. Two models
of psychotherapy were used: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Narrative Cognitive Therapy (NCT). Biological rhythm was assessed with the
Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN). Severity of depressive and anxious symptoms was assessed by the Hamilton
Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), respectively. The sample included 97 patients who were divided within
the protocols of psychotherapy. Results: There was a significant reduction in depressive and anxious symptoms (p < 0.001) and an increase on
regulation of biological rhythm (p < 0.05) at the twelve-month follow-up. Moreover, we showed a positive correlation between the reduction of
depressive symptoms and regulation of biological rhythm (r = 0.638; p < 0.001) and between the reduction of anxious symptoms and regulation of
biological rhythm (r = 0.438; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both models showed that cognitive therapy was effective on the reduction of depressive and
anxious symptoms and on the regulation of biological rhythm at a twelve-month follow-up evaluation. This study highlights the association between
biological rhythm and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Limitation: We did not assess genetic, hormonal or neurochemical factors and we did not
include patients under pharmaceutical treatment or those with severe symptomatology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
(journal abstract).
Journal of Affective Disorders, 187 : 1-9
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions
Moreira, F. P., Cardoso, T., Mondin, T. C., Souza,
L., Silva, R., Jansen, K., Oses, J. P., Wiener, C. D.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating disorder and its
pathophysiology is associated with deregulation of the immune system. We investigated the changes in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines
(specifically IL-6 and TNF-alpha) measured by the ELISA kit in two psychotherapeutic interventions for MDD: Narrative Cognitive Therapy (NCT) and
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This is a randomized clinical trial including 97 individuals (18 to 29years-old) with MDD. In CBT there was a
significant difference in serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, therefore indicating that CBT was more effective than NCT on serum levels
proinflammatory cytokines. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract).
Journal of Neuroimmunology, 285 : 143-146
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Meekums, B., Karkou, V., Nelson, E. A.
Background: Depression is a debilitating condition affecting more than 350 million people worldwide (WHO 2012) with a
limited number of evidence-based treatments. Drug treatments may be inappropriate due to side effects and cost, and not everyone can use talking
therapies.There is a need for evidence-based treatments that can be applied across cultures and with people who find it difficult to verbally
articulate thoughts and feelings. Dance movement therapy (DMT) is used with people from a range of cultural and intellectual backgrounds, but
effectiveness remains unclear.; Objectives: To examine the effects of DMT for depression with or without standard care, compared to no treatment or
standard care alone, psychological therapies, drug treatment, or other physical interventions. Also, to compare the effectiveness of different DMT
approaches.; Search Methods: The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group's Specialised Register (CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-
References) and CINAHL were searched (to 2 Oct 2014) together with the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform
(WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov. The review authors also searched the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), the Education Resources
Information Center (ERIC) and Dissertation Abstracts (to August 2013), handsearched bibliographies, contacted professional associations, educational
programmes and dance therapy experts worldwide.; Selection Criteria: Inclusion criteria were: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) studying outcomes
for people of any age with depression as defined by the trialist, with at least one group being DMT. DMT was defined as: participatory dance movement
with clear psychotherapeutic intent, facilitated by an individual with a level of training that could be reasonably expected within the country in
which the trial was conducted. For example, in the USA this would either be a trainee, or qualified and credentialed by the American Dance Therapy
Association (ADTA). In the UK, the therapist would either be in training with, or accredited by, the Association for Dance Movement Psychotherapy
(ADMP, UK). Similar professional bodies exist in Europe, but in some countries (e.g. China) where the profession is in development, a lower level of
qualification would mirror the situation some decades previously in the USA or UK. Hence, the review authors accepted a relevant professional
qualification (e.g. nursing or psychodynamic therapies) plus a clear description of the treatment that would indicate its adherence to published
guidelines including Levy 1992, ADMP UK 2015, Meekums 2002, and Karkou 2006.; Data Collection and Analysis: Study methodological quality was
evaluated and data were extracted independently by the first two review authors using a data extraction form, the third author acting as an
arbitrator.; Main Results: Three studies totalling 147 participants (107 adults and 40 adolescents) met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-four
participants took part in DMT treatment, while 73 comprised the control groups. Two studies included male and female adults with depression. One of
these studies included outpatient participants; the other study was conducted with inpatients at an urban hospital. The third study reported findings
with female adolescents in a middle-school setting. All included studies collected continuous data using two different depression measures: the
clinician-completed Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D); and the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) (self-rating scale).Statistical heterogeneity
was identified between the three studies. There was no reliable effect of DMT on depression (SMD -0.67 95% CI -1.40 to 0.05; very low quality
evidence). A planned subgroup analysis indicated a positive effect in adults, across two studies, 107 participants, but this failed to meet clinical
significance (SMD -7.33 95% CI -9.92 to -4.73).One adult study reported drop-out rates, found to be non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.82 [95%
CI 0.35 to 9.45]; low quality evide ce. One study measured social functioning, demonstrating a large positive effect (MD -6.80 95 % CI -11.44 to -
2.16; very low quality evidence), but this result was imprecise. One study showed no effect in either direction for quality of life (0.30 95% CI -
0.60 to 1.20; low quality evidence) or self esteem (1.70 95% CI -2.36 to 5.76; low quality evidence).; Authors' Conclusions: The low-quality
evidence from three small trials with 147 participants does not allow any firm conclusions to be drawn regarding the effectiveness of DMT for
depression. Larger trials of high methodological quality are needed to assess DMT for depression, with economic analyses and acceptability measures
and for all age groups.;
Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, (2) : CD009895
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Physical activity, exercise
Millings, A., Morris, J., Rowe, A., Easton, S., Martin, J. K., Majoe, D., Mohr, C.
Background: Internet interventions for mental health
concerns are known to be effective, but how can developing technology be utilised to improve engagement and augment the effectiveness of these
programs? One option might be to incorporate feedback about the user's physiological state into the program, via wearable sensors. Objectives: This
mixed-methods pilot study sought to examine whether the effectiveness of an online intervention for stress in students could be augmented by the use
of prototype wearable sensors. Methods: Students who were stressed, but not depressed, were allocated to a stress management program alone (n = 34),
with sensors (n = 29), or to no intervention (n = 35). Interventions lasted 4 weeks. Outcome measures included measures of stress, anxious, and
depressive symptoms, and were measured immediately after the interventions and 4 weeks later. Participants in the two program groups were interviewed
to gain feedback about the program and the sensors. Results: Significant pre-post reductions in stress (p = .019) were observed for those in the
program alone group. Significant reductions in depressive symptoms were observed among postgraduates (p = .006), but not undergraduates, in the
program only group. The program plus sensors group had a broadly similar, but weaker set of results, indicating that the sensors impeded, rather than
augmented, the effectiveness of the program. Qualitative data explicate this finding, highlighting participation burden as a key issue. Participants
provided detailed feedback about the program, the sensors, and biofeedback exercises, which are summarised and discussed with reference to the
quantitative findings. Conclusions: The newly developed stress management program could be an effective way to improve student mental health.
Wearable sensor technology, particularly biofeedback exercises, may be a useful contribution for the next generation of e-therapies, but further
development of the prototypes is needed and their reliability and usability will likely affect user responses to them.
Internet Interventions, 2(3) : 330-339
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Controlled clinical trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Biofeedback, neurofeedback, audio/video feedback, Technology, comparing delivery mode (e.g. online vs. face-to-face)
Leggett, L. E., Soril, L. J. J., Coward, S., Lorenzetti, D. L., Mackean, G., Clement, F. M.
Background: Between 30% and 60% of individuals with major depressive disorder will have treatment-resistant depression (TRD):
depression that does not subside with pharmaceutical treatment. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging treatment for TRD.
Objective: To establish the efficacy and optimal protocol for rTMS among adults and youth with TRD. Data Sources: Two systematic reviews were
conducted: one to determine the efficacy of rTMS for adults with TRD and another to determine the effectiveness of rTMS for youth with TRD. For
adults, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Health Technology
Assessment Database were searched from inception until January 10, 2014 with no language restrictions. Terms aimed at capturing the target diagnosis,
such as depression and depressive disorder, were combined with terms describing the technology, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and rTMS.
Results were limited to studies involving human participants and designed as a randomized controlled trial. For youth, the search was altered to
include youth only (aged 13-25 years) and all study designs. When possible, meta-analysis of response and remission rates was conducted. Study
Selection: Seventy-three articles were included in this review: 70 on adult and 3 on youth populations. Results: Meta-analysis comparing rTMS and
sham in adults found statistically significant results favoring rTMS for response (RR: 2.35 [95% CI, 1.70-3.25]) and remission (RR: 2.24 [95% CI,
1.53-3.27]). No statistically significant differences were found when comparing high- and low-frequency, unilateral and bilateral, low- and high-
intensity rTMS or rTMS and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). While meta-analysis of results from the youth literature was not possible, the limited
evidence base suggests that rTMS may be effective for treating TRD in youth. Conclusions: The evidence available on the use of rTMS for adults with
TRD indicates that rTMS is approximately twice as effective as a sham procedure, although the optimal rTMS protocol remains unclear. Evidence also
indicates that rTMS is as effective as ECT and appears promising as a treatment for youth with TRD; however, the evidence base is underdeveloped.
Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 17(6) : 379-
388
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS)
Lopresti,
A. L.
Paediatric depression is estimated to affect 15-20% of youths prior to adulthood and is associated with significant
social, educational and physical impairment. Current treatments comprise moderately efficacious psychological therapies and pharmaceutical
antidepressants. However, nutritional therapies are also available and are regularly sought by people with depressive illnesses and parents of
depressed youths. In this narrative review, studies examining the antidepressant effects of individual nutritional supplements in child and
adolescent populations are appraised. Epidemiological studies examining the relationship between nutritional status and paediatric depression, or
depressive symptoms are also reviewed. Nutrients covered in this article include: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, s-adenosylmethionine, vitamin
C, vitamin D, zinc, iron and B-vitamins. Although several of these nutrients present as promising treatments for paediatric depression, there is a
lack of high-quality studies examining the antidepressant effects of all the aforementioned ingredients. Before nutritional treatments are accepted
as validated treatments for paediatric depression, further high-quality studies are required.; Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 181 : 24-
32
- Year: 2015
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids), Omega 3 fatty
acids (e.g. fish oil, flax oil), Vitamins and supplements