Disorders - depressive disorders
Crane, M.
F., Boga, D., Karin, E., Gucciardi, D. F., Sinclair, L.
Objective: This group-randomized control trial examined the efficacy of guided coping and emotion regulatory self-reflection
as a means to strengthen resilience by testing the effects of the training on anxiety and depression symptoms and perceived stressor frequency after
an intensive stressor period. Method(s): The sample was 226 officer cadets training at the Royal Military College, Australia. Cadets were randomized
by platoon to the self-reflection (n = 130) or coping skills training (n = 96). Surveys occurred at 3 time points: Baseline, immediately following
the final reflective session (4-weeks postbaseline), and longer-term follow-up (3-months postinitial follow-up). Result(s): There were no significant
baseline differences in demographic or outcome variables between the intervention groups. On average, cadets commenced the resilience training with
mild depression and anxiety symptoms. Analyses were conducted at the individual-level after exploring group-level effects. No between-groups
differences were observed at initial follow-up. At longer-term follow-up, improvements in mental health outcomes were observed for the self-
reflection group, compared with the coping skills group, on depression (Cohen's d = 0.55; 95% CI [0.24, 0.86]), anxiety symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.69;
95% CI [0.37, 1.00]), and perceived stressor frequency (Cohen's d = 0.46; 95% CI [0.15, 0.77]). Longitudinal models demonstrated a time by condition
interaction for depression and anxiety, but there was only an effect of condition for perceived stressor frequency. Mediation analyses supported an
indirect effect of the intervention on both anxiety and depression via perceived stressor frequency. Conclusion(s): Findings provide initial support
for the use of guided self-reflection as an alternative to coping skills approaches to resilience training. Copyright © 2019 American Psychological
Association.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 87(2) : 125-140
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Wolpert, M., Dalzell, K., Ullman, R., Garland,
L., Cortina, M., Hayes, D., Patalay, P., Law, D.
This Review reports on a scoping review
followed by a systematic review to consider interventions designed to address or manage depression or anxiety in children and young people up to the
age of 25 years without the need to involve mental health professionals. The scoping review identified 132 approaches, 103 of which referred to
children or young people (younger than 25 years). These approaches included social interaction, engagement with nature, relaxation, distraction,
sensory stimulation, physical activity, altering perceptions, engaging in hobbies, self-expression, and exploration. A systematic review of
effectiveness studies from the literature identified in the scoping review found only 38 studies on seven types of intervention that met the
inclusion criteria. 16 studies were based on cognitive or behavioural principles (15 on digital interventions and one on bibliotherapy), ten focused
on physical exercise, five on light therapy, three on dietary supplements, two on massage therapy, one on online peer support, and one on contact
with a dog. Most studies focused on adolescents or young adults. Evidence suggested that light therapy could be effective for season depression and
that digital interventions based on attention bias modification are ineffective for anxiety. Mixed evidence was available on the effectiveness of
computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety, and of physical exercise for depression. All other studies had insufficient
certainty to obtain even tentative conclusions about effectiveness. These results highlight the disparity between the extensive range of approaches
identified in the scoping review and the restricted number and focus found in the systematic review of effectiveness of these approaches. We call for
an expanded research agenda that brings evaluation rigour to a wide range of self or community approaches. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA,
all rights reserved)
The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(1) : 46-
60
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other complementary & alternative
interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS), Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Brown, J. S., Blackshaw, E., Stahl, D., Fennelly, L., McKeague,
L., Sclare, I., Michelson, Daniel
Introduction: Schools may provide a convenient intervention setting for young people with mental health problems generally, as
well as for those who are unwilling or unable to access traditional clinic-based mental health services. However, few studies focus on older
adolescents, or those from ethnic minority groups. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a brief school-based psychological intervention for
self-referred adolescents aged 16-19 years. Methods: A two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted in 10 inner-city schools with block
randomisation of schools. The intervention comprised a one-day CBT Stress management programme with telephone follow-up (DISCOVER) delivered by 3
psychology (2 clinical and 1 assistant) staff. The control was a waitlist condition. Primary outcomes were depression (Mood and Feelings
Questionnaire; MFQ) and anxiety (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale; RCADS-anxiety subscale). Data were analysed descriptively and
quantitatively to assess feasibility. Results: 155 students were enrolled and 142 (91.6%) followed up after 3 months. Participants were predominantly
female (81%) and the mean age was 17.3 years, with equal numbers enrolled from Year 12 and Year 13. Over half (55%) of students were from ethnic
minority groups. Intraclass correlations were low. Variance estimates were calculated to estimate the sample size for a full RCT. Preliminary
outcomes were encouraging, with reductions in depression (d = 0.27 CI-0.49 to -0.04, p = 0.021) and anxiety (d = 0.25, CI-0.46 to -0.04, p = 0.018)
at follow-up. Conclusions: Results support the feasibility of a school-based, self-referral intervention with older adolescents in a definitive
future full-scale trial (Trial no. ISRCTN88636606). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Adolescence, 71 : 150-
161
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other Psychological Interventions
Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Estevez-Lopez, F., Munoz, N. E., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Migueles, J. H., Molina-Garcia, P., Henriksson, H., Mena-Molina, A., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Catena, A., Lof, M., Erickson, K. I., Lubans, D. R., Ortega, F. B., Esteban-Cornejo,
I.
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that participation in physical activity may support young people's current
and future mental health. Although previous reviews have examined the relationship between physical activity and a range of mental health outcomes in
children and adolescents, due to the large increase in published studies there is a need for an update and quantitative synthesis of effects.
OBJECTIVE(S): The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of physical activity interventions on mental health outcomes by conducting a
systematic review and meta-analysis, and to systematically synthesize the observational evidence (both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies)
regarding the associations between physical activity and sedentary behavior and mental health in preschoolers (2-5 years of age), children (6-11
years of age) and adolescents (12-18 years of age). METHOD(S): A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases was
performed from January 2013 to April 2018, by two independent researchers. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the effect of physical activity on
mental health outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs (i.e. quasi-experimental studies). A narrative synthesis of observational
studies was conducted. Studies were included if they included physical activity or sedentary behavior data and at least one psychological ill-being
(i.e. depression, anxiety, stress or negative affect) or psychological well-being (i.e. self-esteem, self-concept, self-efficacy, self-image,
positive affect, optimism, happiness and satisfaction with life) outcome in preschoolers, children or adolescents. RESULT(S): A total of 114 original
articles met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review (4 RCTs, 14 non-RCTs, 28 prospective longitudinal studies and 68 cross-
sectional studies). Of the 18 intervention studies, 12 (3 RCTs and 9 non-RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a small but significant
overall effect of physical activity on mental health in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years (effect size 0.173, 95% confidence interval 0.106-
0.239, p<0.001, percentage of total variability attributed to between-study heterogeneity [I2]=11.3%). When the analyses were performed separately
for children and adolescents, the results were significant for adolescents but not for children. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
demonstrated significant associations between physical activity and lower levels of psychological ill-being (i.e. depression, stress, negative
affect, and total psychological distress) and greater psychological well-being (i.e. self-image, satisfaction with life and happiness, and
psychological well-being). Furthermore, significant associations were found between greater amounts of sedentary behavior and both increased
psychological ill-being (i.e. depression) and lower psychological well-being (i.e. satisfaction with life and happiness) in children and adolescents.
Evidence on preschoolers was nearly non-existent. CONCLUSION(S): Findings from the meta-analysis suggest that physical activity interventions can
improve adolescents' mental health, but additional studies are needed to confirm the effects of physical activity on children's mental health.
Findings from observational studies suggest that promoting physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior might protect mental health in
children and adolescents. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42017060373.
Sports
medicine, :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Physical activity, exercise
Berg, M., Rozental, A., Johansson, S., Liljethorn,
L., Radvogin, E., Topooco, N., Andersson, G.
Background and objectives: Clients' knowledge about their condition and treatment is considered crucial for general
health improvement, and knowledge acquisition is an essential part in internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT). Yet, little is known about
the role of knowledge and how it influences treatment outcome. This study aimed to examine if explicit knowledge increased following ICBT for
adolescent depression, if knowledge gain would be associated with symptom reduction, and if pre-existing knowledge predicted changes in depressive
symptoms. Method(s): Seventy-one adolescents were randomised to a therapist-supported ICBT or a attention control condition. A measure of depression
(BDI-II) and a knowledge test dealing with depression, comorbid anxiety, and its CBT-treatment were administered before and after treatment. Result
(s): Significant improvements in knowledge were observed following ICBT compared to the attention control (between-group Cohen's d = 1.25, 95% CI
[0.67-1.79]). On average, participants in the treatment group answered 1.4 more questions correctly at post treatment compared to the control group.
No relation between change in knowledge and change in depressive symptoms could be observed. Knowledge scores at baseline were high for both groups,
with participants answering approximately 75% of the questions correct. A higher level of initial knowledge level predicted poorer treatment response
(Parson's r = -0.38, p =.048). Conclusion(s): The findings indicate that knowledge about basic concepts and principles about depression, anxiety,
and CBT increases following ICBT. This increase in knowledge was not related to change in depressive symptoms, indicating that knowledge is a
different construct. The results also suggest that clients who are more knowledgeable prior to treatment might benefit less from ICBT. In sum, the
results highlight the need to further examine the role of knowledge in ICBT. Copyright © 2018 The Authors
Internet Interventions, 15 : 10-
17
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Supportive
therapy, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Kennedy, G. A., Jean-Forney, K., Pinner, D., Martinez, K. M., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Keel, P.
K.
Objective: Research suggests that weight suppression (WS) is linked to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and that drive for thinness and
depression may explain this association. We conducted a proof-of-concept study using a randomized control trial design to determine if improving body
esteem and reducing depressive symptoms reduced NSSI in individuals with WS. Method(s): Weight suppressed participants (N = 60) who engaged in NSSI
were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to an on-line intervention or control condition. The on-line intervention was adapted from a
cognitive-dissonance intervention originally designed to reduce thin-ideal internalization in females to an intervention to reduce internalization of
unhealthy body ideals in both genders. Participants' weight/shape concerns, depressive symptoms, and NSSI were assessed at pre- and post-
intervention, or at baseline and 2-week follow-up for controls. Result(s): Compared to controls, participants in the treatment condition reported
greater decreases in likelihood of future NSSI [Cohen's d (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.90-0.15)], weight/shape concerns [-1.19 (-1.75 to -0.62)], depressive
symptoms [-1.00 (-1.56 to -0.45)], and significant improvements in appearance [1.27 (0.70-1.84)] and weight esteem [1.38 (0.80-1.96)]. Discussion(s):
Future work could test this intervention in a larger trial with an active alternative treatment condition. Copyright © 2019 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
International Journal of Eating
Disorders, 52(2) : 206-210
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Non-suicidal self-harm behaviours
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive dissonance
therapy, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Diamond, G. S., Kobak, R. R., Krauthamer-Ewing, E. S., Levy, S. A., Herres, J. L., Russon, J. M., Gallop, R. J.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) compared with a family-enhanced nondirective supportive
therapy (FE-NST) for decreasing adolescents' suicide ideation and depressive symptoms. Method(s): A randomized controlled trial of 129 adolescents
who are suicidal ages 12- to 18-years-old (49% were African American) were randomized to ABFT (n = 66) or FE-NST (n = 63) for 16 weeks of treatment.
Assessments occurred at baseline and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Trajectory of change and clinical recovery were calculated for suicidal ideation and
depressive symptoms. Result(s): There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of change in self-reported ideation (Suicidal Ideation
Questionnaire-Jr; F1,127 = 181, p = .18). Similar results were found for depressive symptoms. However, adolescents receiving ABFT showed a
significant decrease in suicide ideation (t127 = 12.61, p < .0001; effect size, d = 2.24). Adolescents receiving FE-NST showed a similar
significant decrease (t127 = 10.88, p < .0001; effect size, d = 1.93). Response rates (ie, >=50% decrease in suicide ideation symptoms
from baseline) at post-treatment were 69.1% for ABFT versus 62.3% for FE-NST. Conclusion(s): Contrary to expectations, ABFT did not perform better
than FE-NST. The 2 treatments produced substantial decreases in suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms that were comparable to or better than
those reported in other more intensive, multicomponent treatments. The equivalent outcomes could be attributed to common treatment elements,
different active mechanisms, or regression to the mean. Future studies will explore long-term follow up, secondary outcomes, and potential moderators
and mediators. Clinical trial registration information: Attachment-Based Family Therapy for Suicidal Adolescents; http://clinicaltrials.gov;
NCT01537419. Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(7) : 721-
731
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Suicide or self-harm behaviours (excluding non-suicidal self-harm)
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Family therapy, Supportive
therapy
Facer-
Childs, E. R., Middleton, B., Skene, D. J., Bagshaw, A. P.
Background: There is conflict between living according to our endogenous biological rhythms and our external
environment, with disruptions resulting in negative consequences to health and performance. This is often documented in shift work and jet lag, but
'societal norms' (eg, typical working hours) can create profound issues for 'night owls', people whose internal biological timing predisposes
them to follow an unusually late sleep-wake cycle. Night owls have also been associated with health issues, mood disturbances, poorer performance and
increased mortality rates. Method(s): This study used a randomized control trial design aimed to shift the late timing of night owls to an earlier
time (phase advance), using non-pharmacological, practical interventions in a real-world setting. These interventions targeted light exposure
(through earlier wake up/sleep times), fixed meals times, caffeine intake and exercise. Result(s): Overall, participants demonstrated a significant
advance of ~2 h in sleep/wake timings as measured by actigraphy and circadian phase markers (dim light melatonin onset and peak time of the cortisol
awakening response), whilst having no adverse effect on sleep duration. Notably, the phase advance was accompanied by significant improvements to
self-reported depression and stress, as well as improved cognitive (reaction time) and physical (grip strength) performance measures during the
typical 'suboptimal' morning hours. Conclusion(s): Our findings propose a novel strategy for shifting clock timing towards a pattern that is more
aligned to societal demands that could significantly improve elements of performance, mental health and sleep timing in the real world. Copyright ©
2019 Elsevier B.V.
Sleep
Medicine., :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Other complementary & alternative
interventions
Papp, M. E., Nygren-Bonnier, M., Gullstrand,
L., Wandell, P. E., Lindfors, P.
Objective: Modern hatha yoga exercises (YE) provide an alternative form of
physical activity which may reduce stress, facilitate recovery and improve health. This study investigated the short-term effects of high intensity
hatha yoga exercises (HIY) on health-related outcomes. Method(s): A 6-week randomized controlled study was performed to compare HIY with a control
group not changing their exercise behavior. Healthy students (N = 44; median age: 25 years, range 20-39 years; HIY: n = 21, including 3 men; control
group: n = 23, including 3 men) novice to yoga participated in the intervention which included one weekly class and recommended home training.
Participants provided self-reports in questionnaires before and after the intervention. Self-reports included anxiety and depression (Hospital
Anxiety and Depression Scale), stress (Perceived Stress Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index),
subjective health complaints (Common Symptoms in General Practice Index) and self-rated health (single-item). Result(s): After the 6-week
intervention, there were no between-group differences in anxiety, depression, stress, sleep or self-rated health. However, when investigating
associations within the HIY-group, a higher HIY-dose was related to less depression (r = 0.47; p = 0.03), improved sleep quality (r = 0.55; p =
0.01), and less insomnia (r = 0.49; p = 0.02). Conclusion(s): There were no short-term between-group effects of HIY on mental distress, sleep or
self-rated health. However, within the HIY-group, a higher dose was associated with improved mental health in terms of depression and with improved
sleep. Although future studies with larger samples are needed, these preliminary findings suggest short-term positive effects of HIY on health-
related outcomes among students. Trial registration number: NCT01305096. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Journal of Bodywork & Movement
Therapies., :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong)
Martinsen, K. D., Rasmussen, L. M. P., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Holen, S., Sund, A. M., Lovaas, M. E. S., Patras, J., Kendall, P. C., Waaktaar,
T., Neumer, S. P.
Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a transdiagnostic program (EMOTION, Coping Kids
Managing Anxiety and Depression) targeting symptoms of anxiety and depression in schoolchildren by comparing the intervention condition (EC) to a
control condition (CC). Method(s): A clustered randomized design was used with schools as the unit of randomization. Children (N = 1686) aged 8-12
years in 36 schools completed screening using the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale (MASC-Child) and The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire Short version
(SMFQ-Child). Scoring 1 SD above a population-based mean on anxiety and/or depression, 873 children were invited to participate. Intent-to-treat
analyses were performed, and mixed-effects models were used. Result(s): Analyses revealed significant reductions of anxious and depressive symptoms
as reported by the children, in which children in the intervention condition EC had almost twice the reduction in symptoms compared with the control
condition CC. For parent report of the child's depressive symptoms, there was a significant decrease of symptoms in the intervention condition EC
compared with CC. However, parents did not report a significant decrease in anxious symptoms in the intervention condition EC as compared with CC.
Conclusion(s): A transdiagnostic prevention program, provided in schools, was successful in reducing youth-reported symptoms of anxiety and
depression and parent-reported depression. The EMOTION program has the potential to reduce the incidence of anxious and depressive disorders in
youth. Copyright © 2019 American Psychological Association.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(2) : 212-
219
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Skills training
Emslie, G. J., Kennard, B. D.
Background & aims: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious and chronic illness in youth, with 40-70% experiencing a
relapse of depression. Even with continued treatment, approximately 40% will relapse (Emslie et al., 2008). Method(s): Youth (8-17 years) with MDD
were treated with fluoxetine 10-40 mg for 6 weeks, and responders ( >= 50% reduction in CDRS-R) were randomized to continued medication alone or
continued medication plus Relapse Prevention CBT (RP-CBT) for 6 months. Independent evaluators (IEs) rated depression severity (based on the CDRS-R)
every 6 weeks through week 78. Result(s): Of 281 youth evaluated, 200 met criteria for MDD and initiated acute treatment with fluoxetine. Responders
(n = 144) were randomized to continue medication alone (MM, n = 69) or continue medication with RP-CBT (MM+CBT, n = 75) for 6 more months. Mean time
to remission (CDRS-R total score <= 28) between the two treatment groups was not significantly different during follow up. The MM+CBT group had a
significantly lower risk of relapse than those in the MM group at 30-weeks, 52-week follow-up, and 78-week follow-up. Probability of relapse for the
MM+CBT group was 7.5% and 19% at 30 weeks and 52 weeks respectively, compared with 28% and 50% for the MM group. At 78 weeks, relapse rates remained
lower in the group that received CBT compared to MM (36% vs 62%). Conclusion(s): As the first study to examine relapse prevention focused CBT in
depressed youth, we demonstrated RP-CBT's effectiveness in reducing relapse rates through 78 weeks, but not in accelerating time to remission.
Bipolar Disorders, 21 (Supplement
1) : 14
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Relapse prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Smith, H.L., McDermott, K.A., Carlton, C.N., Cougle, J.R.
Interpretation Bias Modification (IBM) interventions have been effective in reducing negative interpretation biases theorized to
underlie depressive psychopathology. Although these programs have been highlighted as potential short-term interventions for depression, mixed
evidence has been found for their effects on depressive symptoms. There is a need to examine attitudes towards training as well as individual
difference factors that may impact symptom outcomes for IBM depression interventions. Seventy-two dysphoric young adults were randomly assigned to
receive either an IBM targeting negative interpretation bias in personal evaluations or interpersonal situations or a healthy video control (HVC)
condition. Compared to those who received HVC, participants in the IBM condition reported lower negative interpretation bias at posttreatment. No
differences between conditions were found for symptom outcomes. Greater perceived treatment credibility and expectancy were associated with better
treatment outcomes for both the IBM and HVC groups. Within the IBM group, a greater tendency toward assimilation with treatment scenarios was
significantly associated with better treatment outcomes for both depressive and anger symptoms. This effect was unique from treatment credibility and
expectancy. Pretreatment psychological reactance did not predict treatment response for either condition. Implications and future research directions
are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Behavior Therapy, 50(3) : 646-
658
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Attention/cognitive bias
modification