Disorders - depressive disorders
Devoe,
D., Farris, M., Addington, J.
Youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for
psychosis often present with symptoms of depression and anxiety, which can reduce quality of life. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was
to determine the impact of all interventions on symptoms of depression and anxiety in CHR samples. We systematically searched Embase, EBM, PsycINFO,
CINAHL, and MEDLINE. Studies were selected if they reported changes in depression or anxiety symptoms in youth at CHR and included an intervention.
Data was evaluated using pairwise metaanalyses, stratified by time, and reported as the standardized mean difference (SMD). Twenty-three studies met
our inclusion criteria, including a total of 1,831 CHR participants. The mean age was 19.35 years and 49% were female. Interventions included family
therapy, glycine, antipsychotics, cognitive remediation, however analysis could only be performed on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and omega-3.
CBT did not significantly improve depression at 6-months (SMD = 0.02; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.28), 12-months (SMD = -0.04; 95%CI = -0.23, 0.14), 18-months
(SMD = -0.11; 95%CI = -0.41, 0.20), or at 24-48-month follow-up (SMD = -0.21; 95%CI = -0.50, 0.08). CBT did not significantly improve anxiety at 6-
months (SMD = -0.10; 95% CI = -0.29, 0.08), 12-months (SMD = 0.05; 95%CI = -0.14, 0.23), 18-months (SMD = 0.09; 95%CI = -0.22, 0.39), or at 24-48-
months (SMD = -0.06; 95%CI = -0.55, 0.43). Omega-3 did not significantly improve depression at 6-months (SMD = -0.46; 95CI = -1.15, 0.23) and 12-
months (SMD = -0.29; 95%CI = -1.10, 0.51). In conclusion, no interventions significantly impacted symptoms of depression or anxiety in CHR samples.
However, no trials in this review were designed to target and treat these symptoms and the CBT used was specifically designed to address attenuated
psychotic symptoms.
Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12 (Supplement
1) : 174
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders, Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Other biological interventions, Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Cognitive remediation
therapy, Family therapy, Fish oil (Omega-3 fatty acids), Omega 3 fatty
acids (e.g. fish oil, flax oil)
Yap, M. B. H., Mahtani, S., Rapee, R. M., Nicolas, C., Lawrence, K. A., Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A. F.
Background: Depression and anxiety disorders in young people are a global health concern. Parents
have an important role in reducing the risk of these disorders, but cost-effective, evidence-based interventions for parents that can be widely
disseminated are lacking. Objective: This study aimed to examine the postintervention effects of the Partners in Parenting (PiP) program on parenting
risk and protective factors for adolescent depression and anxiety, and on adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. Methods: A two-arm randomized
controlled trial was conducted with 359 parent-adolescent dyads, recruited primarily through schools across Australia. Parents and adolescents were
assessed at baseline and 3 months later (postintervention). Parents in the intervention condition received PiP, a tailored Web-based parenting
intervention designed following Persuasive Systems Design (PSD) principles to target parenting factors associated with adolescents' risk for
depression and anxiety problems. PiP comprises a tailored feedback report highlighting each parent's strengths and areas for improvement, followed
by a set of interactive modules (up to nine) that is specifically recommended for the parent based on individually identified areas for improvement.
Parents in the active-control condition received a standardized package of five Web-based factsheets about adolescent development and well-being.
Parents in both conditions received a 5-min weekly call to encourage progress through their allocated program to completion. Both programs were
delivered weekly via the trial website. The primary outcome measure at postintervention was parent-reported changes in parenting risk and protective
factors, which were measured using the Parenting to Reduce Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Scale (PRADAS). Secondary outcome measures were the
adolescent-report PRADAS, the parent- and child-report Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (depressive symptoms), and parent- and child-report
Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (anxiety symptoms). Results: Parents in the intervention condition completed a mean of 73.7% of their intended
personalized PiP program. A total of 318 parents (88.6%, 318/359) and 308 adolescents (92.8%, 308/332) completed the postintervention assessment.
Attrition was handled using mixed model of repeated measures analysis of variance. As hypothesized, we found a significant condition-by-time
interaction on the PRADAS, with a medium effect size, Cohen d = 0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.79. No significant differences between conditions were found at
postintervention on any of the secondary outcome measures, with adolescent depressive (parent-report only) and anxiety (both parent- and adolescent-
report) symptoms decreasing significantly from baseline to postintervention in both conditions. Conclusions: The fully automated PiP intervention
showed promising short-term effects on parenting behaviors that are associated with adolescents' risk for depression and anxiety. Long-term follow-
up is required to ascertain whether these effects translate into reduced adolescent depression and anxiety problems. The intervention may be useful
as a low-cost universal public health program to increase parenting practices believed to benefit adolescents' mental health. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Medical Internet Research
Vol 20(1), 2018, ArtID e17, 20(1) :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Other Psychological Interventions, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Prathikanti, S.
Purpose: Conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies for major depression
are associated with limited adherence to care and relatively low remission rates. Yoga may offer an alternative treatment option, but rigorous
studies are few. This randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessors examined an 8-week hatha yoga intervention as monotherapy for mild-
to-moderate major depression. Result(s): In intent-to-treat analysis, yoga participants exhibited significantly greater 8-week decline in Beck's
Depression Inventory (BDI) scores than controls (P value=.034). In subanalyses of participants completing final 8-week measures, yoga participants
were more likely to achieve remission, defined per final BDI score <=9 (P value=.018). Effect size of yoga in reducing BDI scores was large, per
Cohen's d=-0.96 (95% confidence interval, -1.81 to -0.12). Intervention groups did not differ significantly in 8-week change scores for either the,
the Generalized Self-efficacy Scale or Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale. Conclusion(s): In adults with mild-to-moderate major depression, an 8-week
hatha yoga intervention resulted in statistically and clinically significant reductions in depression severity.
Global
Advances in Health and Medicine, 7 : 159
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong), Physical activity, exercise
Calear, A. L.
Objectives: This presentation will test the effectiveness of 2 universal online, self-directed CBT
programs in preventing and reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in an adolescent school-based population. Method(s): Two cluster RCTs were
conducted. In the first trial (n = 1477), the MoodGYM program was compared with a wait-list control condition and delivered over 5 weeks to
adolescents aged 12-17 years. The second trial (n = 540) was also implemented over 5 weeks to adolescents aged 15-16 years, evaluating SPARX-R
against an attention control condition. Both trials measured depressive and anxiety symptom outcomes at preintervention, postintervention, and at 6
months follow-up and were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measure intention-to-treat approaches. Result(s): At postintervention and 6 months
follow-up, the MoodGYM program was found to have a significant effect on anxiety for both males and females (Cohen's d = 0.15-0.25) and on
depression for males only (d = 0.27-0.43). The SPARX-R program had a significant effect on depression, but not anxiety, at postintervention and at 6
months follow-up (d = 0.13-0.29). Greater adherence to the MoodGYM program was indicative of stronger intervention effects, with improved adherence
associated with being in year 9 (ages 14-15 years), living in a rural location, and/or having higher preintervention levels of depressive symptoms or
self-esteem. Conclusion(s): Although small to moderate, the effects obtained in the current studies provide support for the use of universal online
prevention programs for depression in schools. Future research into methods to increase adherence and engagement with online programs is needed. DDD,
TVM, CBT Copyright © 2018
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57 (10
Supplement) : S35
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Weisz, J. R., Ugueto, A. M., Herren, J., Marchette, L. K., Bearman, S. K., Lee, E. H., Thomassin, K., Alleyne, A., Cheron, D. M., Tweed, J. L., Hersh, J., Raftery-Helmer, J. N., Weissman, A. S., Jensen-Doss, A.
OBJECTIVE: We assessed sustainability of an empirically supported, transdiagnostic youth psychotherapy program when therapist
supervision was shifted from external experts to internal clinic staff.\rMETHOD: One hundred sixty-eight youths, aged 6-15 years, 59.5% male, 85.1%
Caucasian, were treated for anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, or conduct problems by clinicians employed in community mental health clinics. In
Phase 1 (2.7 years), 1 group of clinicians, the Sustain group, received training in Child STEPs (a modular transdiagnostic treatment + weekly
feedback on youth response) and treated clinic-referred youths, guided by weekly supervision from external STEPs experts. In Phase 2 (2.9 years),
Sustain clinicians treated additional youths but with supervision by clinic staff who had been trained to supervise STEPs. Also in Phase 2, a new
group, External Supervision clinicians, received training and supervision from external STEPs experts and treated referred youths. Phase 2 youths
were randomized to Sustain or External Supervision clinicians. Groups were compared on 3 therapist fidelity measures and 14 clinical outcome
measures.\rRESULTS: Sustain clinicians maintained their previous levels of fidelity and youth outcomes after switching from external to internal
supervision; and in Phase 2, the Sustain and External Supervision groups also did not differ on fidelity or youth outcomes. Whereas all 34 group
comparisons were nonsignificant, trends with the largest effect sizes showed better clinical outcomes for internal than external supervision.
\rCONCLUSIONS: Implementation of empirically supported transdiagnostic treatment may be sustained when supervision is transferred from external
experts to trained clinic staff, potentially enhancing cost-effectiveness and staying power in clinical practice. (PsycINFO Database Record
Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology, 86(9) : 726-737
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Breedvelt,
J., Kandola, A., Kousoulis, A., Brouwer, M., Karyotaki, E., Bockting, C., Cuijpers, P.
Background: Depression is a prevalent disorder with a
peak rate of onset in young adulthood from 18 to 25 years. To date, no review has systematically assessed the effectiveness of programs that aim to
reduce depressive symptoms or diagnosis of depression in young adults. Method: A systematic search was performed in Cochrane, PubMed, PsycINFO and
EMBASE. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis of the randomized controlled studies that compared an intervention for young adults (aged 18-25)
without a diagnosis or history of depression and a control condition. Comparisons between intervention and control group outcomes were carried out at
the post-intervention time point. We also compared intervention and control group outcomes at later follow-up time points where data were available.
Results: Twenty-six randomized controlled trials among 2865 young adults were included in the analysis. The pooled effect size of the interventions
versus control at post-intervention was g = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.28-0.47, NNT = 9) and heterogeneity was moderate I2 = 36 (95% CI: 11-64). There were no
significant effects in terms of the type of delivery, focus of study, type of control, or type of support within the interventions. Limitations: The
authors were unable to assess the effects of interventions on the onset of depression as none of the included studies measured incidence. The risk of
bias was high in most studies (81%). Only one study included a follow-up of more than a year. Demographic factors were inconsistently reported in the
included articles. Conclusion: While it was not possible to investigate the effects of interventions on depression incidence, some evidence was found
for the effectiveness of preventative interventions in reducing depressive symptoms in young adults. Future research should address limitations of
the current evidence base to allow stronger conclusions to be drawn. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Affective Disorders, 239 : 18-29
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any)
Ignaszewski, M. J., Waslick, B.
Objectives: Antidepressant treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) has been a topic of continued interest with a number of placebo
randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) being published in the past decade. We review the updated literature since the 2007 Bridge meta-analysis, and
reassess safety data looking at signals of treatment-emergent suicidality with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSR-S). Method(s): PubMed
literature review was performed searching for RCTs published since the 2007 article and supplemented with manual search. Result(s): Findings from
seven trials (five industry sponsored, one NIMH funded, and one other) were included in this systematic review, which showed high medication and
placebo response rates, with only fluoxetine and escitalopram treatment reaching statistical significance. Fluoxetine was also shown to prevent
relapse of MDD with continued treatment with an odds ratio of 3.2 for prevention of relapse compared with placebo. There were no increases in
treatment-emergent suicidality associated with antidepressant medication in any trial measuring suicidality systematically using the CSSR-S.
Conclusion(s): Depressed pediatric patients respond similarly in these trials to antidepressant intervention and placebo, with recent studies showing
that newer agents did not clearly demonstrate benefit above placebo. The evidence continues to support fluoxetine and escitalopram as first-line
treatment and demonstrated effect to prevent relapse. Use of newer rating scales reveals similar rates of treatment-emergent suicidality in patients
on antidepressants as placebo, in contrast to increased suicide signal suggested by past research using adverse events data. Antidepressant treatment
is generally safe and well tolerated in this age group. Copyright © 2018 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.
Journal of Child and Adolescent
Psychopharmacology, 28(10) : 668-675
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), Relapse prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Antidepressants
(any)
Brown, C. H., Brincks, A., Huang, S., Perrino, T., Cruden, G., Pantin, H., Howe, G., Young, J.
F., Beardslee, W., Montag, S., Sandler, I.
This paper presents the first findings of an
integrative data analysis of individual-level data from 19 adolescent depression prevention trials (n=5210) involving nine distinct interventions
across 2 years post-randomization. In separate papers, several interventions have been found to decrease the risk of depressive disorders or elevated
depressive/internalizing symptoms among youth. One type of intervention specifically targets youth without a depressive disorder who are at risk due
to elevated depressive symptoms and/or having a parent with a depressive disorder. A second type of intervention targets two broad domains:
prevention of problem behaviors, which we define as drug use/abuse, sexual risk behaviors, conduct disorder, or other externalizing problems, and
general mental health. Most of these latter interventions improve parenting or family factors. We examined the shared and unique effects of these
interventions by level of baseline youth depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics of the youth (age, sex, parent education, and family
income), type of intervention, and mode of intervention delivery to the youth, parent(s), or both. We harmonized eight different measures of
depression utilized across these trials and used growth models to evaluate intervention impact over 2 years. We found a significant overall effect of
these interventions on reducing depressive symptoms over 2 years and a stronger impact among those interventions that targeted depression
specifically rather than problem behaviors or general mental health, especially when baseline symptoms were high. Implications for improving
population-level impact are discussed.
Prevention Science, 19(Supplement 1) : 74-
94
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Universal prevention, At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any)
Lowden, A., Ozturk, G., Moreno, C.
Objectives/Introduction: Sleep complaints and lowered mood states are frequently reported in adolescence, November was marked as the
worst month for mood and fatigue in a previous questionnaire study. The aim of this study was to treat depressive symptoms by use of light goggles
during the Scandinavian dark winter period. Method(s): In an intervention study, high school students (15- 20 years; 52% boys) answered a question on
willingness to try light goggles (Luminette) in the morning to improve health. For 2 weeks 60 invited students with moderate or high depression
scores on the depression scale (HAD-D6) wore glasses during 20 min in the morning before going to school and at weekends. Subjects were randomized to
either a white light condition (=1,000 lux) or red light condition. Subjects were questioned before and after treatment and a repeated mixed model
analysis was performed using condition (before/ after) and light (white/red) as factors. Result(s): Compliance to treatment was very good according
to daily logs. In total 50 students fulfilled the protocol. Effects of white and red light did not yield significant differences. General improvement
on the depression scale (HAD-D6) was 26% (p < 0.001) 7.3% on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (p < 0.006), insomnia index 16% (Karolinska Sleep
Questionnaire, p < 0.013) and increased morningness (Diurnal Type Scale) 5.5%. After treatment 42% of the students would recommend use of light
goggles to peers and 37% would partly do so 2% disagreed with goggle use. The lack of difference between white and red diods might be explained by
placebo induced effects or by the strength of direct lighting effects on pathways signaling to mood regulating brain areas. Conclusion(s): The study
demonstrated that at a season were very little daylight is obtained traveling to school, use of goggles reduces symptoms of depression and has mild
positive effects on insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness and promotes morningness.
Journal of Sleep
Research, 27 (Supplement 1) : 347-348
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Bright light therapy
Bettis, A. H., Forehand, R., Sterba, S. K., Preacher, K. J., Compas, B. E.
The current study examined effects of a preventive intervention on patterns of change in symptoms of anxiety and
depression in a sample of children of depressed parents. Parents with a history of depression (N = 180) and their children (N = 242; 50% female; Mage
= 11.38; 74% Euro-American) enrolled in an intervention to prevent psychopathology in youth. Families were randomized to a family group cognitive
behavioral intervention (FGCB) or a written information (WI) control condition. Parents and youth completed the Child Behavior Checklist and Youth
Self Report at baseline, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow up. Youth in the FGCB intervention reported significantly greater declines in symptoms of
both anxiety and depression at 6, 12, and 18 months compared to youth in the WI condition. Youth with higher baseline levels of each symptom (e.g.,
anxiety) reported greater declines in the other symptom (e.g., depression) from 0 to 6 months in the FGCB intervention only. Changes in anxiety
symptoms from 0 to 6 months predicted different patterns of subsequent changes in depressive symptoms from 6 to 12 months for the two conditions,
such that declines in anxiety preceded and predicted greater declines in depression for FGCB youth but lesser increases in depression for WI youth.
Findings inform transdiagnostic approaches to preventive interventions for at-risk youth, suggesting that both initial symptom levels and initial
magnitude of change in symptoms are important to understand subsequent patterns of change in response to intervention.
Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent
Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 47(4) : 581-
594
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Psychoeducation, Skills training
Topooco, N., Berg, M., Johansson, S., Liljethorn, L., Radvogin, E., Vlaescu, G., Nordgren, L. B., Zetterqvist, M., Andersson, G.
Background Depression is a
major contributor to the burden of disease in the adolescent population. Internet-based interventions can increase access to treatment.Aims To
evaluate the efficacy of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (iCBT), including therapist chat communication, in treatment of adolescent
depression.Method Seventy adolescents, 15-19 years of age and presenting with depressive symptoms, were randomised to iCBT or attention control. The
primary outcome was the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II).Results Significant reductions in depressive symptoms were found, favouring iCBT over
the control condition (F(1,67) = 6.18, P < 0.05). The between-group effect size was Cohen's d = 0.71 (95% CI 0.22-1.19). A significantly higher
proportion of iCBT participants (42.4%) than controls (13.5%) showed a 50% decrease in BDI-II score post-treatment (P < 0.01). The improvement for
the iCBT group was maintained at 6 months.Conclusions The intervention appears to effectively reduce symptoms of depression in adolescents and may be
helpful in overcoming barriers to care among young people.Declaration of interest N.T. and G.A. designed the programme. N.T. authored the treatment
material. The web platform used for treatment is owned by Linkoping University and run on a non-for-profit basis. None of the authors receives any
income from the programme. Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2018.
BJPsych
Open, 4(4) : 199-207
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Saleh, D., Camart, N., Sbeira, F., Romo, L.
In
our research, we examined the efficacy of an Internet-based stress management program. Our interest in evaluating this type of intervention is based
on the increasing accessibility of the Internet today, the growth of Internet-based interventions for various psychopathological problems, and the
observation that despite the prevalence of stress among university students, only a fraction of students ever seek professional help. Methodology:
\"I'm managing my stress\" (\"Je gere mon stresse\"), an Internet-based self-help program composed of four sessions, was examined in this study. The
aforementioned program is based on cognitive-behavioral therapy and was inspired by the \"Funambule\" program in Quebec. Four questionnaires
(Perceived Stress Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Scale of Satisfaction in Studies, and General Health Questionnaire) uploaded online were
answered thrice: during \"preintervention\", \"postintervention\", and \"follow-up\" stages, the latter of which occurred three months after the
intervention. The sample comprised 128 university students, with the majority being women (81.25%). The subjects were divided randomly into two
groups (an experimental group and a control group that did not follow the program). Result(s): The self-esteem scores of the control group were
significantly higher than those of the experimental group at the preintervention stage, but this difference disappeared at the postintervention and
follow-up stages. There were also significantly lower scores on the General Health Questionnaire subfactors of somatic symptoms and anxiety/insomnia
in the experimental group than in the control group during the postintervention stage, though no differences were observed before the intervention.
These differences no longer remained after three months. ANOVA revealed significant effects of the intervention over time in the experimental group.
Effects were observed at both the postintervention and follow-up stages for self-esteem, perceived stress, satisfaction in studies, and in the
somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia and severe depression aspects of the General Health Questionnaire (Cohen's d = 0.38 to 4.58). In contrast, no
effects were observed in the control group. Conclusion(s): This type of Internet-based program has the ability to reach a large number of students
due to its rather short format and accessibility. It has already shown improvements in terms of the levels of perceived stress, psychological
distress and satisfaction with studies. The option of online interventions could appeal specifically to students who do not seek professional help.
However, even though these results are promising at the postintervention stage, they are limited, as indicated by the lack of significant differences
between the two groups after the initial three months of follow-up. We still, specifically, need to improve this intervention program and, generally,
need more research to address the methodological problems raised by this type of intervention. Copyright © 2018 Saleh et al. This is an open access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PLoS ONE, 13 (9) (no
pagination)(e0200997) :
- Year: 2018
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Self-help, Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)