Disorders - depressive disorders
Jaycox, L. H., Reivich, K. J., Gillham, J., Seligman, M. E. P.
This paper describes the development and preliminary efficacy of a program designed to prevent depressive
symptoms in at-risk 10-13 year-olds, and relates the findings to the current understanding of childhood depression. The treatment targets depressive
symptoms and related difficulties such as conduct problems, low academic achievement, low social competence, and poor peer relations, by proactively
teaching cognitive techniques. Children were identified as 'at-risk' based on depressive symptoms and their reports of parental conflict. Sixty-
nine children participated in treatment groups and were compared to 73 children in control groups. Depressive symptoms were significantly reduced and
classroom behavior was significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to controls at post-test. Six-month follow-up showed continued
reduction in depressive symptoms, as well as significantly fewer externalizing conduct problems, as compared to controls. The reduction in symptoms
was most pronounced in the children who were most at risk.
Behaviour Research & Therapy., 32(8) : 801-816
- Year: 1994
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Kutcher, Stan, Boulos, Carolyn, Ward, Bridgette, Marton,
Peter, et-al.,
Studied the efficacy and the tolerability of the
tricyclic antidepressant desipramine (DMI) in the treatment of 60 adolescents (aged 15-19 yrs) with major depressive disorder. Ss were randomized to
receive DMI (200 mg daily in divided doses) or placebo for 6 consecutive weeks following a 1-wk placebo period. Treatment outcome was determined
using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Beck Depression Inventory. Tolerability was determined using a symptom side effects scale. In
addition, laboratory and cardiovascular monitoring was performed. No significant differences in treatment outcome between DMI- and placebo-treated
groups were determined. Neither DMI, nor its metabolite 2-hydroxy-DMI, nor their ratio, was positively correlated to treatment outcome. The DMI group
endorsed more side effects but the only significant between-group difference in side effects was increased heart rate in the DMI-treated group.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5) : 686
-694
- Year: 1994
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Reed, M. K.
The efficacy of Structured Learning
Therapy (SLT) in treating adolescent depression was evaluated. SLT treatment focuses on developing social competencies, self-evaluation skills, and
appropriate affective expression. Eighteen adolescents, aged 14-19 years, prescreened for depression were randomly assigned to the SLT treatment or
control group. All subjects participated in six biweekly 60-minute sessions. Pre-, post, and follow-up assessments on depression, self-esteem, and
personality measures were conducted. Results suggest that SLT reliably reduced depression in males (p < .05) and maintained their improved level of
functioning (p < .02). Female treatment subjects did not improve significantly. Results suggest differential effectiveness of treatment across
gender.
Adolescence, 29(114) : 293-302
- Year: 1994
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training
Walsh, S. M.
In this study, the effectiveness of an art future-image intervention (AFI) designed to
increase self-esteem, improve future time perspective, and decrease depression in hospitalized suicidal adolescents was tested. A pretest-posttest
time series design was used with two groups, an experimental group and an attention placebo group. The experimental group, although hospitalized for
a shorter length of time (p = .08), showed greater positive changes than the placebo group. Both groups improved on all measures during and after
hospitalization. Experimental participant enthusiasm, shorter hospitalization, and positive comments at follow-up warrant continued testing and
refinement of the AFI.
Applied Nursing Research, 6(3) : 111-
8
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Creative expression: music, dance, drama, art
Clarke, Gregory N., Hawkins, Wesley, Murphy, Mary, Sheeber, Lisa
Examined 2 school-based primary
prevention interventions for adolescent depressive symptomatology and disorder in separate studies with high school samples of 9th-10th graders. In
Study 1, with 513 Ss, a 3-session educational intervention was associated with a short-term reduction in extreme-scoring cases of depressive symptoms
among boys, but not girls, when compared to a randomly assigned control condition. However, this effect was not sustained over a 12-wk follow-up. In
Study 2, with 300 Ss, a 5-session behavioral skills training intervention failed to demonstrate any differences compared to a random control
condition. Neither of the 2 interventions had any effect on depression knowledge, attitudes toward treatment, or actual treatment seeking. It is
suggested that depression may be best prevented with a competency-based intervention targeting several disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007
APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Adolescent Research, 8(2) : 183-
204
- Year: 1993
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation, Skills training
Clarke, G., Hops, H., Lewinsohn, P. M., Andrews, J., Seeley, J. R., Williams,
J.
This paper attempts to identify variables which distinguish
depressed adolescents who were recovered versus not recovered at post treatment in a controlled outcome study. Fifty-nine adolescents meeting
Research Diagnostic Criteria for major and/or intermittent depression were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a cognitive-behavioral,
psycho-educational treatment group for adolescents (n = 21); (b) an identical protocol for adolescents, but with their parents enrolled in a separate
parent group (n = 19); and (c) a waitlist control condition (n = 19). Thirty-seven of the 40 actively treated subjects were retained for prediction
analyses examining treatment recovery via two assessment methods: (a) a discriminant function analysis predicting membership in KSADS/RDC diagnosis-
based Recovered (n = 16) and Not Recovered (n = 21) groups; and (b) a hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual pre-to-post change
on the Beck Depression Inventory. Because of the small sample, potential predictor variables were limited to those which demonstrated significant
univariate correlations with the respective outcome variables. Recovery in the discriminant function analysis was associated with lower intake levels
on the BDI, lower intake state anxiety, higher enjoyment and frequency of pleasant activities, and more rational thoughts on the Subjective
Probability Questionnaire. The overall canonical correlation was .6277. In the hierarchical block regression analysis predicting residual BDI scores,
better outcome was associated with a greater number of past psychiatric diagnoses, parent involvement in treatment, and younger age at onset of first
depressive episode. The overall regression solution yielded a multiple R = .842. The discussion focuses on the continuity between the current
findings and results obtained from similar studies conducted with depressed adults, as well as the degree to which the observed results are
consistent with the 'capitalization' model of depression therapy outcome.
Behavior Therapy., 23(3) : 341-
354
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Psychoeducation
Hains, A.
This study examined
the effectiveness of two cognitive-behavioral interventions to help adolescent boys cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional arousal.
One group of youths, those receiving cognitive restructuring, learned how to identify and monitor stress-promoting cognitions, restructure these
cognitions into more adaptive thoughts, and practice and apply these acquired skills. The youths who received training were compared with a waiting
list control group on measures of anxiety, anger, self-esteem, depression, and reports of anxious self-statements. Adolescents who make cognitive and
behavioral coping attempts to reduce sources of stress and negative emotional arousal seem capable of decreasing the negative impact of a variety of
stressful events. The published accounts of interventions for adolescents tend to focus on specific stress-related issues such as anger-control
skills, phobias, and medical procedures. Other stressors, however, continue on a more persistent, daily basis. Adolescents require coping and
adaptation skills to deal with academic pressure, higher education goals, dating anxieties, peer pressure, and parent-youth conflicts.
Journal of Counseling &
Development, 70(5) : 600-605
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Geller, Barbara, Cooper, Thomas B., Graham,
Donna L., Fetner, Harriet H., et-al.,
Performed a study of nortriptyline in 50
prepubertal 6- to 12-yr-olds with chronic major depressive disorder. The protocol included a 2-wk placebo wash-out phase and an 8-wk double-blind,
placebo-controlled phase with weekly plasma level monitoring. Active Ss had their plasma level pharmacokinetically placed at 8020 ng/ml by using
previously developed tables to determine the starting dose from a plasma level 24 hrs after a single dose administered at baseline. The mean plasma
level was 89.9 ng/ml. None of the Ss had ever received tricyclic antidepressants before this study. There was a poor rate of response in both
treatment groups (30.8% active, 16.7% placebo). Active Ss did not evidence the anticholinergic side effects reported in adult samples. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 31(1) : 34-44
- Year: 1992
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Fine, S., Forth, A., Gilbert, M., Haley, G.
Two forms of short-term
group therapy for depressed adolescents are compared. Adolescents were assigned to either a social skills training or therapeutic support group.
Treatment outcome was based on self-report and semistructured clinical interviews for depression, measures of self-concept, and cognitive
distortions. After treatment, adolescents in the therapeutic support groups showed significantly greater reductions in clinical depression and
significant increases in self-concept compared with those in the social skills training group. These group differences were no longer evident at 9-
month follow-up, as adolescents in the therapeutic support groups maintained their improvement, and adolescents in the social skills training groups
caught up.
Journal of the
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(1) : 79-85
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training, Other Psychological Interventions
Boulos, C., Kutcher, S., Marton, P., Simeon, J., Ferguson, B., Roberts, N.
Thirty adolescents (ages 15-20) who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder completed a double-blind, placebo-
controlled, 6-week, fixed-dose (200 mg daily) study of desipramine (DMI). Thirty-three percent of the placebo group and 50 percent of the DMI group
improved (greater than or equal to 50% change on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). Subjective reports of adverse effects did not
significantly differentiate the two groups. Major adverse effects, necessitating study discontinuation, occurred solely in the DMI group.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 27(1) : 59
-65
- Year: 1991
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Geller, B., Cooper, T. B., Graham, D. L., Marsteller, F. A., Bryant, D. M.
We performed a random assignment, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline (NT) in postpubertal 12- to 17-
year-olds with Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and DSM-III major depressive disorder. The protocol included a 2-week placebo washout phase and an
8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase with weekly plasma level monitoring. Active subjects had their plasma level placed at 80 +/- 20 ng/ml
by using previously developed tables to determine the starting dose from a plasma level drawn 24 hours after a single dose administered at baseline.
The study population was severely depressed and had a chronic, unremitting course prior to study; a high percentage of family histories with
affective disorder, alcoholism, and suicidality; and a high rate of comorbidity. Of the 52 subjects enrolled, there were 17 placebo washout
responders, 4 dropouts, and 31 completers (12 active and 19 placebo). Only one active subject responded; therefore, the study was terminated early.
The mean NT plasma level was 91.1 (18.3 SD) ng/ml. The two treatment groups had similar postprotocol severity ratings. Subjects on active drug did
not evidence the anticholinergic side effects reported in adult samples. The negative outcome in this study is similar to the findings in our
previously reported NT study in prepubertal 6- to 12-year-olds.
Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26(1) : 85-
90
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Hains, A., Szyjakowski, M.
We examined the effectiveness of a cognitive intervention to help adolescents cope with stress and other forms of negative emotional
arousal. Through this intervention procedure, youths learned how to identify and monitor stress-promoting cognitions, restructure these cognitions
into more adaptive thoughts, use self-instructions to control stress-engendering self-statements, and practice and apply these acquired skills. The
youths who received training were compared to a waiting list control group on measures of anxiety, anger, self-esteem, depression, and self-reports
of cognitions in hypothetical stress situations. The training group showed significant reductions in levels of anxiety and anger, improvement in
self-esteem, and an increase in the number of reported positive cognitions in response to a hypothetical situation. These treatment gains were
maintained at a 10-week follow-up. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(1) : 79-84
- Year: 1990
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)