Disorders - depressive disorders
Dowling, K., Simpkin, A.
J., Barry, M. M.
School-based social and emotional learning programs aim to provide students with the skills they
need to deal with life challenges, thereby enhancing their social and emotional wellbeing, academic outcomes, and reducing their risk of mental
health difficulties. While there is a robust evidence base on the effectiveness of these programs originating from the US, there is a relative
paucity of research on how these programs impact young people in other county contexts, especially for older adolescents and those at higher risk.
This study sets out to address this research gap by evaluating the effectiveness of a social emotional learning program designed for older
adolescents in Ireland, the MindOut program. MindOut is a universal school-based social and emotional learning program designed for older adolescents
in Ireland which was developed based on a common elements approach underpinned by CASEL's framework. Employing a cluster randomized-controlled
trial, data on social and emotional skills, academic performance and mental health outcomes were collected from students (n=497; 51.1% female) ages
15-18 years in 32 disadvantaged schools. There were significant improvements in intervention students' social and emotional skills including,
reduced suppression of emotions (p=0.035), use of more positive coping strategies [reduced avoidance coping p=<0.001) and increased social support
coping p=0.044)]. Improvements in mental health and wellbeing were also found with significantly reduced levels of stress (p=0.017) and depressive
symptoms (p=0.030) as well as reduced anxiety scores for females students (p=0.044). These short-term evaluation findings support the positive impact
of school-based social and emotional learning programs, such as MindOut, when designed to be both age and culturally appropriate and delivered to
older adolescents in disadvantaged schools.
Journal of youth and adolescence., :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions, Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Goff, D. C., Freudenreich, O., Cather, C., Holt, D., Bello, I., Diminich, E., Tang,
Y., Ardekani, B. A., Worthington, M., Zeng, B., Wu, R., Fan, X., Li, C., Troxel, A., Wang, J., Zhao, J.
Antidepressants are frequently prescribed in first episode schizophrenia (FES)patients for negative symptoms or for
subsyndromal depressive symptoms, but therapeutic benefit has not been established, despite evidence of efficacy in later-stage schizophrenia. We
conducted a 52 week, placebo-controlled add-on trial of citalopram in patients with FES who did not meet criteria for major depression to determine
whether maintenance therapy with citalopram would improve outcomes by preventing or improving negative and depressive symptoms. Primary outcomes were
negative symptoms measured by the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and depressive symptoms measured by the Calgary Depression Scale for
Schizophrenia; both were analyzed by an intent-to-treat, mixed effects, area-under-the-curve analysis to assess the cumulative effects of symptom
improvement and symptom prevention over a one-year period. Ninety-five patients were randomized and 52 (54%)completed the trial. Negative symptoms
were reduced with citalopram compared to placebo (p =.04); the effect size of citalopram versus placebo was 0.32 for participants with a duration of
untreated psychosis (DUP)of <18 weeks (median split)and 0.52 with a DUP >18 weeks. Rates of new-onset depression did not differ between groups;
improvement in depressive symptoms was greater with placebo than citalopram (p =.02). Sexual side effects were more common with citalopram, but
overall treatment-emergent side effects were not increased compared to placebo. In conclusion, citalopram may reduce levels of negative symptoms,
particularly in patients with longer DUP, but we found no evidence of benefit for subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2019 The Authors
Schizophrenia Research, 208 : 331-
337
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders, Psychosis Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: First episode (psychosis only), At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Atypical Antipsychotics (second
generation), Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation
Olive, L.S., Byrne, D., Cunningham, R.B., Telford, R.M., Telford, R.D.
Physical
activity may benefit mental health, yet the potentially protective role of elementary school physical education (PE) on childhood mental health is
unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of a specialist-taught PE program on indicators of childhood mental health. In this
cluster-randomized controlled trial, participants were initially 821 healthy children (8 years, 406 girls) from 29 schools. Thirteen schools were
allocated to the 4-year intervention program of specialist-taught PE, with the remaining schools forming the control group. Mental health indicators
of depression, body image, and stress were measured at ages 7, 8, and 12 years. Assessments of covariates included percent body fat (DEXA), physical
activity (pedometers), puberty (Tanner stages), and socioeconomic status. After receiving 1 year of specialist-taught PE, children of the
intervention group reported a -0.71-unit decrease in body dissatisfaction compared to a 3.01-unit increase in control group children (p = .042); and
a mean decrease in depressive symptoms (ineffectiveness), which was -0.27 units more than the control group (p = .005). Mixed-model analyses
investigating longer-term effects revealed that the early positive effect of the intervention on body dissatisfaction and depression was not
sustained over time. In fact, there was evidence of an intervention effect of an overall increase in depressive symptoms over the 4 years of the
study for girls only. While our specialist-taught PE intervention had a positive influence on girls' body dissatisfaction and boys' depressive
symptoms in the first year, this was not sustained over the 4-year duration of the study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights
reserved) Impact Statement Educational Impact and Implications Statement-Physical activity may benefit mental health, yet the potentially protective
role of elementary school physical education (PE) on mental health is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine how PE taught by
specialist-trained PE teachers influences children's levels of stress, depression. and body image. In this investigation, spanning 4 years, our
specialist-taught PE intervention had a positive influence on girls' body dissatisfaction and boys' depressive symptoms in the first year. However,
this was not sustained over the 4-year duration of the intervention. In fact, there was evidence that girls receiving the intervention, and therefore
having greater exposure to PE, had an overall increase in depressive symptoms. These findings demonstrate that PE can influence childhood mental
health, for the better or worse, and suggest that PE could provide a useful vehicle through which to deliver well-being programs, in which case,
teachers tasked with the delivery of PE might benefit from additional training to minimize any potential negative impact of PE on children's mental
health. These findings have important implications for educational policymakers and emphasize the need to acknowledge the psychological and
physiological differences between boys and girls when developing PE curricula. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Educational Psychology, : No Pagination
Specified
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Physical activity, exercise
Dai, Q., Hu, L., Feng,
Z.
Difficulty in clinical antidepressant treatment leads to the pursuit of alternative treatments, such as
cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). CBT combined with regular antidepressants have indicated an optimal therapeutic effect in clinic. Attentional bias
is important in the occurrence and remission of depression, however, few studies have explored the effect of attentional bias modification (ABM) on
depression, and inconsistent results have been obtained due to the heterogeneity in the targeted populations, training tasks, strategies, and
materials. Hence, the current study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of ABM on depression in clinical depression. Study I was designed to
explore the optimal training methods regarding task (dot-probe vs. cue-target), material (faces vs. self-referent words), and strategy (mixed ABM
toward positive and away from negative stimuli vs. positive ABM toward positive stimuli) in unselected undergraduates once daily for 10 days (N =
309). Study II was carried out to observe the effect of 10 days ABM toward positive and away from negative faces (based on Study I) on clinical
depression (N = 32). Depression level was assessed via a self-reporting questionnaire and a structured interview, while attentional bias was tested
by cue-target task and attention to positive and negative inventory (APNI). In unselected undergraduates (Study I), two strategies significantly
reduced the self-reporting depression scores: mixed ABM toward positive stimuli and away from negative stimuli with emotional faces, and positive ABM
toward positive materials only with self-referent words. In patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (Study II), the mixed ABM with emotional
faces resulted in enhanced attentional bias toward happy materials in the cue-target task and APNI, which predicted a delayed depression reduction in
clinical depression at the one-month follow-up investigation. Our finding confirms the literature and broadens the knowledge with the evidence of the
optimal therapeutic effect of ABM combined with regular antidepressants in clinical depression. The findings that a quick enhancement in positive
attentional bias, predicting a later therapeutic effect on clinical depression reduction, indicate a potential mechanism that could underlie the
therapeutic process of ABM in depression. The findings that two training strategies are effective in depression reduction suggest that different
strategies should be utilized to treat different types of depression. This study offers a potential way to cure depression and could be further
practiced in clinic. Copyright © 2018
Journal of
Psychiatric Research, 109 : 145-155
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Attention/cognitive bias
modification
Vera, F. M., Manzaneque, J. M., Rodriguez, F. M., Vadillo, M., Navajas, F., Heiniger, A. I., Perez, V., Blanca, M. J.
Qigong is an ancient form of health maintenance, which is part of Traditional China
Medicine. Numerous beneficial mental and physical effects have been classically ascribed to this traditional psychosomatic method. The purpose of
this work has been to assess the effects of Taoist qigong practice on several hormonal parameters of the Hipotalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and
specific measures of psychological well-being in healthy subjects. Forty-three healthy volunteers participated in the study, of whom 22 were randomly
allocated to the experimental group, and 21 were assigned to the control group. Experimental participants underwent a qigong training program for one
month. Blood samples for the quantification of hormonal parameters, and several instruments to assess anxiety and depression symptoms as well as
subjective sleep quality, were obtained before and after the program. Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and
control groups, with the experimental group showing lower blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This study shows that Taoist qigong is
a psychosomatic method able to exert a modulatory action on ACTH levels in healthy subjects. We consider the need to continue exploring the
psychobiological modulation of this qigong method and its possible repercussion for human health care.
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 60(1) : 43-
49
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Mind-body exercises (e.g. yoga, tai chi, qigong)
Weisz, J.
R., Kuppens, S., Ng, M. Y., Vaughn-Coaxum, R. A., Ugueto, A. M., Eckshtain, D., Corteselli, K.
A.
With the development of empirically
supported treatments over the decades, have youth psychotherapies grown stronger? To investigate, we examined changes over time in treatment effects
for four frequently treated youth mental-health problems: anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and conduct
disorders. We used PubMed and PsycINFO to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were published between January 1960 and May 2017
involving youths between the ages of 4 and 18 years. We also searched reviews and meta-analyses of youth psychotherapy research, followed reference
trails in the reports we identified, and obtained additional studies identified by therapy researchers whom we contacted. We identified 453 RCTs
(31,933 participants) spanning 53 years (1963-2016). Effect sizes for the problem-relevant outcome measures were synthesized via multilevel meta-
analysis. We tracked temporal trends for each problem domain and then examined multiple study characteristics that might moderate those trends. Mean
effect size increased nonsignificantly for anxiety, decreased nonsignificantly for ADHD, and decreased significantly for depression and conduct
problems. Moderator analyses involving multiple study subgroups showed only a few exceptions to these surprising patterns. The findings suggest that
new approaches to treatment design and intervention science may be needed, especially for depression and conduct problems. We suggest intensifying
the search for mechanisms of change, making treatments more transdiagnostic and personalizable, embedding treatments within youth ecosystems,
adapting treatments to the social and technological changes that alter youth dysfunction and treatment needs, and resisting old habits that can make
treatments unduly skeuomorphic.
Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the
Association for Psychological Science, 14(2) : 216-237
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any)
Berk, M., Mohammadreza, M., Dean, O. M., Cotton, S.
M., Chanen, A. M., Dodd, S., Ratheesh, A., Amminger, G. P., Phelan, M., Williams,
A., Mackinnon, A., Giorlando, F., Baird, S., Rice, S., O'Shea,
M., Schafer, M. R., Mullen, E., Hetrick,
S., Kerr, M., Harrigan, S. M., Quinn, A. L., McGorry, P. D., Davey, C. G.
Background & aims: Inflammation is an important part of the neurobiology of major depressive disorder. This implies that novel anti-
inflammatory therapies for the treatment of depression may have potential, such as statins like rosuvastatin, and aspirin, which both have anti-
inflammatory properties. The trial aimed to determine whether adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy with aspirin or rosuvastatin compared to placebo
reduced the symptoms of MDD. Method(s): YoDA-A was a 12-week triple-blind, randomised placebo controlled trial. Participants between 15-25, who had
moderate-to-severe MDD (n = 129) received either aspirin (n = 40), rosuvastatin (n = 48) or placebo (n = 42) in addition to treatment as usual. They
were seen at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 26. Change in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) from baseline to week 12 was the
primary outcome. Result(s): On the a-priori primary endpoint, MADRS scores at week 12, differences between aspirin and placebo was not statistically
significant but the difference between rosuvastatin and placebo narrowly missed significance at trend level. Secondary analyses on the MADRS between
rosuvastatin and aspirin were in favour of rosuvastatin. Both aspirin and placebo were superior to placebo on the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire
(SIQ), while aspirin was superior to placebo on the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (QLESQ), statins were superior to
placebo on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and statins were superior to aspirin on both the Clinical Global Impression (CGI)
severity scale and the Negative Problem Orientation Questionnaire scale (NPOQ). Conclusion(s): This study provides partial but not definitive support
for the efficacy of rosuvastatin but not aspirin in youth depression and indirectly for the role of inflammation in MDD.
Bipolar
Disorders, 21 (Supplement 1) : 14
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Other biological interventions, Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Other complementary & alternative
interventions
Davey, C. G., Hetrick, S., Chanen, A. M., Cotton, S. M., Ratheesh, A., Amminger, G. P., Koutsogiannis, J., Phelan, M., Mullen,
E., Harrison, B.
J., Rice, S., Williams, A., Kerr, M., Quinn, A. L., Baird, S., Ferguson, N., Brodie, R., Incerti, L., Dean, O. M., McGorry, P.D., Berk, M.
Background & aims: The effectiveness and safety of antidepressant medications for young people with depression has been
contested. In particular, it is not clear whether medication should be added to CBT as first-line treatment for youth depression. The aim of the
Youth Depression Alleviation-Combined Treatment (YoDA-C) trial was to determine whether fluoxetine was more effective than placebo when added to CBT
for young people with depression. Method(s): The trial was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial. Participants
were 15-to 25-year-olds with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, and were randomised to receive either fluoxetine 20-40 mg (CBT+FLX, n =
76) or a matching placebo pill (CBT+PBO, n = 77). All participants attended weekly CBT sessions for 12 weeks. Our primary outcome measure was change
in the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) from baseline to 12 weeks. Result(s): There were no significant differences between groups
for change in MADRS scores or for change in self-reported depressive symptoms, measured with the Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology (QIDS).
There was, however, evidence of a greater reduction in anxiety symptoms in the CBT+FLX group compared to the CBT+PBO group, as measured by the
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD7). Subgroup analysis of participants under the age of 18 showed no evidence of between-group
differences on the measures. For participants 18 and older, however, those in the CBT+FLX group showed evidence of greater reduction in MADRS, QIDS,
and GAD7 scores than participants in the CBT+PBO group. Conclusion(s): There is no evidence to support the addition of fluoxetine to CBT as first-
line treatment for young people with moderate-to-severe depression. This is particularly so for participants under the age of 18. There is some
evidence that the addition of medication might be helpful for co-morbid anxiety symptoms, and for older youth.
Bipolar
Disorders, 21 (Supplement 1) : 13
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Antidepressants
(any), Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Sun, M., Rith-Najarian, L. R., Williamson, T. J., Chorpita, B. F.
Our aim was to investigate whether
four treatment features (i.e., the inclusion of parental involvement, goal-setting strategies, maintenance/relapse prevention sessions, the addition
of booster sessions) were associated with posttreatment and follow-up effect size of youth cognitive behavioral therapies (yCBTs) for anxiety,
depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder in age groups spanning young children to adolescents. We conducted a
random-effects meta-analysis of 106 yCBTs tested in 76 randomized clinical trials from the PracticeWise Database to examine average effects of yCBTs
posttreatment and at a later follow-up assessment. We coded the use of parental involvement, goal setting, booster sessions, and maintenance/relapse
prevention in each yCBT and conducted random-effects meta-regression analyses to investigate whether these treatment features were associated with
yCBT effects at posttreatment as well as at follow-up. Overall, yCBTs produced large pre- to posttreatment effects (d = 1.05), 95% confidence
interval [0.94, 1.15], and larger pre- to follow-up effects (d = 1.29), 95% confidence interval [1.18, 1.40]. Metaregression results indicated that
parental involvement was significantly associated with larger pre- to posttreatment effect sizes as well as pre- to follow-up effect sizes. Booster
sessions, goal setting, and maintenance/relapse prevention were not significantly related to effect sizes at posttreatment or follow-up. Parental
involvement may be helpful for maximizing long-term effectiveness of yCBT. Future studies should investigate for whom and under what conditions
inclusion of yCBT treatment features is related to the durability of treatment gains.
Journal of clinical child and adolescent
psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division
53, 48(Supplement1) : S269-S283
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Anxiety Disorders (any), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder), Relapse prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Service Delivery & Improvement, Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Other service delivery and improvement
interventions
Topooco, N., Andersson, G.
Aims: Depression is a major cause of disability-adjusted life years among adolescents globally.
In addition to the limited treatment resources, adolescents are underrepresented in standard care settings for reasons of stigma and limited mental
health literacy. We describe the development and evaluation of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy intervention, designed to reduce
structural and individual barriers to treatment. Method(s): The intervention comprised of 8 web-based modules and 8 individual therapist chat-
sessions. It included enrollment at the national level by means of self-referral without the need for parental consent. This was evaluated in two
RCT's, each involving 70 adolescents 15-19 years of age suffering from depressive symptoms including, but not restricted to, MDD. Participants were
randomized to treatment or to attention control (1:1 ratio). Study inclusion: BDI-II score <=14. Primary Outcome: self-reported depression level at
post-treatment. Follow-up: 6/12 months. Result(s): Significant effects of treatment vs control were observed, corresponding to a moderate between-
group effect size in RCT1 (n = 70, d = 0.71, 95%, CI: 22-1.19, P < 0.05), and a large effect size in RCT2 (n = 70, d = 0.86, 95%, CI: 37-1.35, P <
0.001), with maintenance of gains at follow-up. The effect on depression symptoms was repeated in clinician-reported outcomes (P < 0.05).
Participants reported high treatment acceptability. Conclusion(s): The results demonstrate that clinically meaningful treatment effects and target
audience acceptability can be achieved with internet-delivered CBT for the treatment of adolescent depression. Lessons learned and implications for
future research will be discussed in the context of the growing interest in how to utilize technology-assisted treatment models to manage mood
disorders in youth.
Bipolar Disorders, 21 (Supplement
1) : 54
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention), Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Technology, interventions delivered using technology (e.g. online, SMS)
Boylan, K., MacQueen, G., Kirkpatrick,
R., Lee, J., Santaguida, P. L.
To update a comparative effectiveness review (1980-2011) of treatments for adolescents whose depressive episode or
disorder (MDE/MDD) did not respond to one or more trials of SSRI antidepressants. MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, PsychINFO, Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, CINAHL, and AMED were searched in addition to the grey literature. We spanned May 2011 to September 1, 2017 and included
only articles in English. 11 new studies were reviewed based on the criteria of having tested a comparative treatment in adolescents with MDD or MDE
who were confirmed to have failed one or more SSRI trials. Data were extracted using standardized forms and a reference guide in DistillerSR; a
second reviewer verified the accuracy of the data fields and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. One trial (N = 29) found a small benefit of
escalating doses of fluoxetine and the treatment of adolescent depression study (TORDIA, N = 334) found significant benefits of combined SSRI or
venlafaxine treatment with CBT for most outcomes. No new studies were identified since the previous review (2012). One trial is currently registered
that will be a cross over trial of rTMS; other registered trials are open label. Multiple secondary data analyses of TORDIA have identified important
predictors of treatment response and relapse. No new comparative studies were identified since the original review. Trials are desperately needed to
identify new treatments for youth with SSRI resistant MDD. These youth should not be deemed as treatment resistant until completing one or two failed
trials of SSRI combined with evidence-based psychotherapy. Copyright © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
European Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry., :
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Treatment resistant/treatment refractory
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
(SNRIs), Antidepressants
(any), Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Warren, M.B., Cowen, P.J., Harmer, C.J.
Background: The neurocognitive model
of antidepressant treatment in depression states that antidepressants work by producing relatively immediate positive shifts in emotional processing,
which translate into clinical improvement with time. St John's Wort has shown antidepressant potential in randomised controlled trials; however, its
pharmacological actions are broad and it is unknown whether treatment also produces changes in emotional processing. Aims: We investigated whether
short-term treatment with St John's wort has similar effects on emotional processing to those reported with other antidepressants such as selective
serotonergic reuptake inhibitors. Methods: Forty-eight healthy participants were given St John's wort or placebo treatment for seven days. On day 7
they completed a battery of tasks to measure emotional processing and other elements of cognition. Results: St John's wort treatment produced
similar changes to other antidepressants, for example reducing recognition of disgusted faces and attention to fearful faces, while increasing memory
for positive words. We failed to find evidence for an effect of St John's wort on other aspects of cognition including working memory. Conclusions:
These findings lend support to the theory that the production of early positive biases in emotional processing may be a common feature of all
clinically effective antidepressants with diverse pharmacological mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(2) : 194-201
- Year: 2019
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Homeopathic, plant-based medicines