Disorders - Depressive Disorders
Beardslee, William R., Wright, Ellen J., Salt, Patricia, Drezner, Karen
Examined long-term effects of 2
forms of preventive intervention designed to increase families' understanding of parental affective disorder and to prevent depression in children.
36 families who had a nondepressed child between ages 8 and 15 yrs and a parent who had experienced affective disorder were enrolled and randomly
assigned to either a clinician-facilitated intervention or a lecture discussion group. Each parent and child were assessed prior to randomization,
after intervention, and approximately 1.5 yrs after enrollment. Assessments included standard diagnostic interviews, measures of child and family
functioning, and interviews about experience of parental affective disorder and intervention effects. Children in the clinician-facilitated group
reported greater understanding of parental affective disorder, as rated by self-report, rater-generated scales, and parent report, and had better
adaptive functioning after intervention. Parents in the clinician-facilitated intervention group reported significantly more change. Findings from
both interventions support the value of a future-oriented resiliency-based approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights
reserved).
Journal of the American Academy
of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(2) : 196-204
- Year: 1997
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Psychoeducation
Brent, David A., Holder, Diane, Kolko, David, Birmaher, Boris, Baugher, Marianne, Roth, Claudia, Iyengar, Satish, Johnson, Barbara A.
Compared the
efficacy of individual cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), systemic behavior family therapy (SBFT), and individual nondirective supportive treatment
(NST) among 107 adolescents with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R) major depressive disorder. Ss were
randomized to 1 of the 3 treatments; 37 Ss received CBT, 35 Ss received SBFT, and 35 Ss received NST. Outcome assessment included depression symptoms
as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, suicidality, functional impairment, and parent-rated treatment expectancy and credibility. CBT was more
effective than SBFT or NST with respect to clinical recovery, rate of symptomatic improvement, and parent-rated treatment credibility. However, no
group differences were seen for effect on suicidality or on functional status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Archives of
General Psychiatry, 54(9) : 877-885
- Year: 1997
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT), Family therapy, Supportive
therapy
Feehan, Catherine J., Vostanis, Panos
Conducted a randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral
therapy (CBT) and a nonfocused intervention for 57 children and adolescents aged 8-16 yrs with depression referred to 4 child and adolescent
psychiatry units. Ss in both groups showed similar rates of recovery from depression at the end of treatment. This paper addresses the question of
how cognitive-behavioral therapy was perceived and used by the 29 depressed Ss in clinical settings. Only 7 Ss (24%) kept a diary for all 9 sessions
of the CBT programme. Ss who had been rated as compliant with CBT tasks were more likely to recover at the end of treatment. Analysis of the content
of each cognitive-behavioral session showed that all Ss received advice on self-monitoring, positive self-statementing, and social problem-solving,
but only 50% actually received advice on cognitive restructuring, since this was scheduled late in the treatment package and most Ss had recovered by
this stage. The Ss, their parents, and therapists had a high degree of agreement on the helpfulness of CBT. The Ss identified several helpful CBT
elements, the majority being related to social problem-solving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Behavioural & Cognitive
Psychotherapy, 24(2) : 171-183
- Year: 1996
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Field, Tiffany M., Grizzle, Nancy, Scafidi, Frank, Schanberg, Saul
Thirty-two depressed adolescent mothers (mean age 18.1 yrs) received ten 30-minute sessions of massage
therapy or relaxation therapy over a five-week period. Subjects were randomly assigned to each group. Although both groups reported lower anxiety
following their first and last therapy sessions, only the massage therapy group showed behavioral and stress hormone changes including a decrease in
anxious behavior, pulse, and salivary cortisol levels. A decrease in urine cortisol levels suggested lower stress following the five-week period for
the massage therapy group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Adolescence, 31(124) : 903-
911
- Year: 1996
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Complementary & Alternative
Interventions (CAM), Massage, Relaxation
Kye, C. H., Waterman, G. S., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B., Williamson, D. E., Iyengar, S., Dachille, S.
OBJECTIVE: To determine amitriptyline's (AMI) efficacy in the acute treatment of adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD).
METHOD: Subjects aged 12 through 17 years meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for MDD, diagnosed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and
Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS), participated in a 2-week placebo-washout followed by an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-
design, placebo-controlled trial of AMI, 5 mg/kg per day. The K-SADS nine-item scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Clinical Global
Impressions rating scale were used as outcome measures. RESULTS: Thirty-one subjects were randomized (18 AMI, 13 placebo). Twenty-two subjects were
study completers (12 AMI, 10 placebo). AMI's efficacy was suggested by the Clinical Global Impressions but not the K-SADS-derived data. Perhaps the
primary limitation of the current study is its small sample size. CONCLUSION: No definitive recommendation can be made regarding the efficacy of
tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adolescent MDD.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(9) : 1139-
44
- Year: 1996
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Vostanis, Panos, Feehan,
Catherine, Grattan, Eleanor, Bickerton, Wai-Ling
Nine-month outcome data of a randomized controlled outpatient trial of cognitive-behavioral
treatment (CBT) for children and adolescents with depression are presented. CBT was compared with a nonfocussed intervention in 56 Ss (aged 8-17
yrs). At 9 mo after the termination of the trial, 21 children (37.5%) fulfilled criteria for a psychiatric disorder, out of whom 15 (26.8%) had a
depressive illness. However, 25 Ss (45%) reported depressive symptoms of significant severity to suggest a depressive episode during the previous 9
mo. Both treatment groups maintained a significant improvement on all psychosocial measures since the post-treatment assessment. No significant
treatment effect was established. Low self-esteem at the time of referral, predicted presence of psychiatric disorder, and child-reported scores of
depressive symptoms and low self-esteem at follow-up. The research and clinical implications for the treatment of depressive disorders in young life
are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of Affective Disorders, 40(1-2) : 105-116
- Year: 1996
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Vostanis, Panos, Feehan, Catherine, Grattan,
Eleanor, Bickerton, Wai-Ling
Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) appears to have considerable value in the treatment of childhood depression.
Its key components are self-monitoring, social problem-solving and cognitive restructuring. Such a treatment program was compared with a non-focused
control intervention (NFI) in 57 outpatient children and adolescents (8-17 yrs old) with depression. Both groups improved significantly on depressive
and anxiety symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning, with the majority of children (87 percent of CBT subjects and 75 percent of controls) no
longer being clinically depressed. Non-specific psychotherapeutic elements such as empathy, sympathetic listening, reassurance, reinforcement and
indirect ways of achieving self-understanding and problem-solving may be involved in the recovery. In outpatient settings, it is recommend that
social problem-solving and cognitive restructuring be introduced during the first 2-3 sessions, which may help the young person gain self-control
relatively early and engage more with the treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 1(2) : 199-
212
- Year: 1996
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Ralph, A., Nicholson, L.
The prevalence of depressive symptoms in Year 10 students in two metropolitan high schools, and the implication of a short-term, school-based
group intervention to assist students in coping with depression are described. A total of 260 students were screened using a multistage, multimethod
procedure that resulted in 16% and 20% of students in each school meeting criteria for depression. Nine students identified as depressed from one
school formed an initial treatment group and a matched wait-list control group was formed from students in the second school. Dependent measures
included self-report measures of depression and self-concept, teacher ratings of classroom participation and demeanour, and school records of
academic performance and absenteeism. Clinical improvements that maintained were noted for just over half of those in the initial treatment group,
whereas no such changes occurred in the control group. Differences at follow-up were statistically significant, although not immediately
posttreatment. Some improvements were also recorded for participation and demeanour in class. A subsequent, less intensive intervention with 12
students with more severe depressive symptoms from the second school was less effective. The results are discussed in relation to variations in
delivery of the intervention program, and the severity and nature of problems experienced by the students who participated in each intervention.
Behaviour
Change, 12(4) : 175-190
- Year: 1995
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Skills training
Hazell, P., O'Connell, D., Heathcote, D., Robertson, J., Henry, D.
OBJECTIVE--To examine whether tricyclic antidepressants are superior to placebo in the treatment
of child and adolescent depression. DESIGN--Meta-analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants with
placebo in depressed subjects aged 6-18 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Most studies employed several depression rating scales. For each study the
\"best available\" measure was chosen by using objective criteria, and individual and pooled effect sizes were calculated as the number of standard
deviations by which the change scores for the treatment groups exceeded those for the control groups. Where authors had reported numbers
\"responding\" to treatment we calculated individual and pooled ratios for the odds of improvement in treated compared with control subjects.
RESULTS--From the six studies presenting data which enabled an estimation of effect size the pooled effect size was 0.35 standard deviations (95%
confidence interval of -0.16 to 0.86) indicating no significant benefit of treatment. From the five studies presenting data on the number of
\"responders\" in each group, the ratio of the odds of a response in the treated compared with the control subjects was calculated and the pooled
odds ratio was 1.08 (95% confidence interval of 0.53 to 2.17); again indicating no significant benefit of treatment. The pooled sample had more than
an 80% chance of detecting a treatment effect of 0.5 standard deviations or greater. There was an inverse relation between study quality and
estimated treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS--Tricyclic antidepressants appear to be no more effective than placebo in the treatment of depression in
children and adolescents.
British Medical
Journal, 310(6984) : 897-901
- Year: 1995
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Systematic reviews
-
Stage: Disorder established (diagnosed disorder)
-
Treatment and intervention: Biological Interventions
(any), Tricyclic antidepressants
Gillham, Jane E., Reivich, Karen
J., Jaycox, Lisa H., Seligman, Martin E. P.
Examines the follow-up study in school children after teaching cognitive
and social-problem-solving techniques to prevent depressive symptoms. Comparison of the children with no-treatment control group; Effects of
prevention program on children after the program ended; Suggestions of psychological immunization against depression.
Psychological Science, 6(6) : 343-
351
- Year: 1995
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions
Clarke, Gregory N., Hawkins, Wesley, Murphy, Mary, Sheeber, Lisa
B., et-al.,
Assessed a targeted prevention program for 150 adolescents (mean age 15.3 yrs) at risk for future depressive disorder by virtue of having
elevated depressive symptomatology. Ss were screened for depression and were randomized to either a 15-session cognitive group prevention
intervention or a \"usual care\" control condition. Ss were assessed initially, after the intervention, and at 6- and 12-mo follow-ups by the Center
for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children--Epidemiologic Version,
the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation, and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Survival analyses indicate a significant 12-mo
advantage for the prevention program, with affective disorder total incidence rates of 14.5% for intervention Ss vs 25.7% for controls. No
differences were detected for nonaffective disorders across the study period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent
Psychiatry, 34(3) : 312-321
- Year: 1995
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: At risk (indicated or selected prevention)
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Cognitive & behavioural therapies (CBT)
Hains, A., Ellman, S.
This study examined the effectiveness of a school-based prevention intervention to reduce the incidence of negative emotional arousal and
other psychological problems in adolescents in response to stress. The prevention program was modeled after a stress inoculation training program and
included a variety of cognitive behavioral interventions (i.e., cognitive restructuring, problem solving, anxiety management training). Reductions on
anxiety, depression, and anger self-report scales were noted after training, especially in youths who were classified as being high in emotional
arousal, and these gains were maintained at follow-up. The waiting list control group showed similar improvements after they received training.
Improvements in grade point average, school attendance, physical health problems, and self-reports of total, daily, and major negative stress events
were not found, except for some within-group improvements at follow-up
Journal of Cognitive
Psychotherapy, 8(3) : 219-232
- Year: 1994
- Problem: Depressive Disorders
- Type: Randomised controlled trials
-
Stage: Universal prevention
-
Treatment and intervention: Psychological Interventions
(any), Other Psychological Interventions